The Movie A Separation - 976 Words

The movie, A Separation, was a good movie to illustrate a how legal systems outside of the United States conduct their legal procedures and how incentives, structures, motivations, and biases shape their legal systems. The movie was based in a Middle Eastern setting in the country of Iran where the culture is very dissimilar opposed the Western European culture. Throughout the movie there were several scenes that displayed how the country’s legal system focused on different aspects and how they drawn different conclusions, and by whom the conclusions were drawn by. In short the movie was based on a couple who were in the midst of getting a divorce. During the process the wife, Simin, decided to leave her home in which the husband, Nader,their daughter, and the husbands father, which had Alzheimer’s, lived. In result of this Nader had to find a housekeeper to take care of his father while he and his daughter were away during the day. The housekeeper that was hired was a pregnant women named Razieh, who found the work to be too overbearing seeing that she had to do a lot of moving as well as cleaning the grandfather, who was unable to take care of his hygiene responsibilities. One day the grandfather happened to leave the house with Razieh unaware, which led her to search for him. She soon found him outside near the street where he was close to being struck by a car. To keep the grandfather from getting hit she rushed for him resulting in her getting hit by a car, leading toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie What About Bob 980 Words   |  4 PagesWhat about Bob? is a movie starring Bill Murray as a patient named Bob Wiley. Bob is â€Å"almost paralyzed by multi phobic personality, in a constant state of panic; characterized by acute separation anxiety (Oz, 1991).† The movie provides comic relief to what can be considered life altering diagnoses. Bob has a multitude of phobias that prove to make his life extremely difficult. Referred by his previous psychiatrist, Bob is sent to see Dr. Leo Marvin. Dr. Marvin has just published a book, Baby StepsRead MoreSummary Of The Six Degrees Of Separation711 Words   |  3 Pagesemphasize over looked nuances and themes of such work. The film and play Six Degrees of Separation, written John Guare, demonstrates the evolution of a work when adapted to the big screen; themes of an original work and an adaptation may be the same at heart, but the difference in which they are conveyed brings intensity and a different measure of impact with each new retelling. The narrative configuration of the movie tells the same story as the play but in a new light and further emphasizes its themesRead More Essay on Shirows Ghost in the Shell877 Words   |  4 Pagesmain themes deal with the commodification of the flesh and body; the separation between ones spirit and body; and the idea that a static environment or organism a weak stronghold. Here I will choose to focus on how through details the film explicates these themes, rather than spending time extrapolating or explaining the themes in detail myself. nbsp; The first key scene to examine is the interlude midway through the movie in which Motoko wanders through the city as music is played, inducingRead MoreLooking At Blood Diamond With The Archetypal Criticism Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pagesthe diamonds to Guinea and Liberia. The rebels would also force children to become soldiers for them. The war lasted eleven years, with an estimated amount of 50,000 to 300,000 dead. The movie Blood Diamond is a 2006 political war thriller directed by Edward Zwick, about the Sierra Leone civil war. In the movie, the main character Solomon Vandy, an African fisherman, who survives a rebel attack on his village, is sent to work as a slave in a diamond-mining camp. During this, his family escapes andRead MoreA Reflection On Children Of Heaven972 Words   |  4 PagesA short reflection about â€Å"children of heaven† This paper is to write about a reflection for the Iran movie â€Å"Children of Heaven† in the angle of urban isolation among some family members, particularly for young children. In the movie, the protagonist boy lives with his little sister and father near the urban area. During the whole movie, it is noticed that most scenes happen between the two little children. Yet, his father has no sufficient time to company his children because he has to go to theRead MoreWhat About Bob Diagnosis1188 Words   |  5 PagesPsychology On-Line What About Bob Multi-phobic personality characterized by acute separation anxiety . . . This is Dr. Leo Marvins diagnosis of Bob Wiley in the movie What About Bob. But exactly what does this mean? We all seem to have a vague understanding of what a phobia is, whether is be from watching movies or our own personal experiences. But what exactly constitutes a phobia, and how does acute separation anxiety fit in to the diagnosis of this character? The Diagnostic and StatisticalRead MoreRisk of Violating Social Norms1041 Words   |  4 PagesWhen people break established rules in their community, others around them would have negative judgment on them. In the movie, Witness, directed by Peter Weir, James McFee and Paul Schaeffer remove detective John Book from their group because he is violating their actions, which is killing a man in the public restroom. In the article â€Å"Ain’t Nobody’s Business If You Do: Separation of Society and State† by Peter McWilliams, individ uals in the society do not care much about those who are not followingRead MorePeople Like Us, Social Class893 Words   |  4 PagesPeople like Us, Social Class in America Last class we watched an informative documentary named â€Å"People like Us, Social Class in America†. America is known to be a country defined by class. Throughout the movie it showed different opinions on what class was based on by different people and the answers varied from looks, house size, career choice, race, manners, upbringing, and education. As we move through life, most times we remove ourselves from different people not in our class to then live amongstRead MoreFight Club Movie vs. Book1414 Words   |  6 PagesEven considering the complicated format of the book, David Fincher managed to almost perfectly illustrate the novel Fight Club, by Chuck Palahniuk, in his movie of the same name. Although tempting to compare a book and its film counterpart on even grounds, as a substitute of one another, the tools used to create each one differ greatly and thus should be evaluated on a thematic level. While the reading audience has the chance to reread, and absorb the the mes in layers, the other audience is seeingRead MoreHow does Clint Eastwood, director of the film, Invictus, use the South African rugby team (the Springboks) as a vehicle to bring a troubled nation together?1119 Words   |  5 Pages(the Springboks) as a vehicle to bring a troubled nation together? Clint Eastwood shows the change in the nation of South Africa in Invictus, using the Springboks as a vehicle. He starts the film with large amounts of separation, followed by the steady change in the middle of the movie, and finishing with the nation combined. In the beginning of the film, Clint Eastwood shows how separated black and white people are and how they do not get along, due to the change of the government and the Springboks

The Legacy Of The Franklin Delano Roosevelt - 1025 Words

In Hyde Park, on January 30, 1882, Sara Delano Roosevelt gave birth to her first-born son, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Sara labored for over a day and nearly died during his birth. To save her, she was given chloroform, with great risk to her baby. When FDR was born, he was not breathing and was blue and thought to be dead. However, after the doctor performed mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, he began to breathe and recovered from the trauma. As a child, he went to Groton Preparatory School in Massachusetts followed by Harvard University, where he received his Bachelor’s degree in only three years! He then went on to Columbia University in New York where he studied law. In 1907, he left school and began practicing law with a New York City law firm for three years. He started developing an interest in politics in 1910 and was elected into the New York State Senate, as a Democrat, although he was originally from a Republican district. In 1905, he married Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, who was the niece of President Theodore Roosevelt whom he looked up to greatly. They had six children, although only five survived infancy. They were: Anna (born in 1906), James (born in 1907), Elliott (born in 1910), Franklin Jr. (born in 1914), and John (born in 1916). In 1912, FDR was re-elected to the Senate, where he supported Woodrow Wilson and his presidential campaign. To reward Franklin for his support, Woodrow Wilson gave him the job as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1913. He heldShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of Franklin Delano Roosevelt872 Words   |  4 Pagespreserved it; Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who rescued it from economic collapse and led it to victory in the greatest war of all time.†(Smith XI). Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the only President to serve four terms and had two great, important crisis in his presidency. He truly was a great leader, because he gave the people a sense of security during an era of distress. Although winning victory in the greatest war the world has ever known dominates Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s legacy, his savingRead MoreFranklin Roosevelt And The Great Depression1458 Words   |  6 PagesFranklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, coined the famous quote, â€Å"The only thin g we have to fear, is fear itself.† As America’s 32nd president, Roosevelt served four terms and pushed America towards the future. Franklin D. Roosevelt was prominent during America’s periods of turmoil. During the Great Depression he was well known for his organizations of relief, recovery, and reform; and at the time of World War II, he used his leadership to gain victory for the Allied forces. Roosevelt leftRead MoreGeneral Info And Early Political Career1401 Words   |  6 PagesGeneral info and Early Political Career Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born in 1882 in New York to a rich family. He went to Groton School and Harvard College to get an education. He married Eleanor Roosevelt and had six children with her. His hobbies included stamp collecting and relaxing on his yacht. He started his political career in 1910 when he joined the New York State Senate and then continued on as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. He ran for vice presidentRead MoreGeorge Washington s President Of The United States2433 Words   |  10 Pagesabided by the tradition of serving a maximum of two terms except for one, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was born in 1882 in Hyde Park, New York. â€Å"He was the only child of James and Sara Delano Roosevelt. As a child Roosevelt was educated privately at home, when he turned fourteen he was sent to Gorton Preparatory School† (Freidel). Franklin Delano Roosevelt had been known to be rather active in his life. He enjoyed sports and had a busy socialRead MoreEleanor Roosevelts Childhood737 Words   |  3 PagesEleanor Roosevelt’s Childhood Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was an amazing lady. Think about it though, what comes to mind when you hear her name? For most people you think first lady, but there is a lot of information in her childhood that led up to her becoming all that she was. She was born on the 11th of October in New York in 1884. Her parents were Anna Hall Roosevelt and Elliott Roosevelt. But little Eleanor didn’t have the greatest childhood. She was always known as a shy and observant girl andRead MoreThe Life of Franklin D. Roosevelt1005 Words   |  5 PagesA mention of the name, Roosevelt D. Franklin to most Americans, rekindles the memories of the Second World War, the Manhattan projects and the subsequent bombing of two Japanese cities. What most of these people fail to understand is that Roosevelts presidency was the Second World War. Turth be told, Roosevelt is one the greatest presidents the United States ever had based on his personality and the challenges he faced while in the White House. T his paper discusses a number of aspects about oneRead MoreFranklin Roosevelt (FDR) Essay1224 Words   |  5 Pages Napolean Bonaparte once stated, â€Å"A leader is a dealer in hope.† Hoover and Roosevelt had very different viewpoints on how to handle the Great Depression. Hoover preferred â€Å"rugged individualism,† and FDR preferred â€Å"helping hand† philosophies. Hoover believed in assisting business in hope that this support would create a trickle down impact which would lead to investment and more jobs. FDR, on the other hand, wanted to provide people with jobs to increase confidence and correcting failures in certainRead MoreEssay on President FDR’s New Deal1042 Words   |  5 PagesDepression. Millions of Americans suffered hardships as the economy was in a free fall. Many Americans were unemployed and lost almost everything they had owned. In 1932, America realized it was time for a change, and elected Franklin Delano Roosevelt in a landslid e vote. Roosevelt promised to help end the depression and with his New Deal. The New Deal was Roosevelt’s plan to end the Great Depression. Through increased government spending, FDR enacted numerous public works programs in an effort to simulateRead MoreEleanor Roosevelt Essay928 Words   |  4 Pagespolitical changes that occurred as a result of the actions of  one  individual from the following list of United States leaders: †¢Ã‚   Martin Luther King, Jr. †¢Ã‚   Susan B. Anthony †¢Ã‚   Eleanor Roosevelt †¢Ã‚   Andrew Jackson Eleanor Roosevelt Born into a select group of families known as New York Society, Eleanor Roosevelt would become known for her compassion for all human kind, regardless of race, religion, sex or economic status. She would dedicate her life to fighting for the rights of women and childrenRead MoreFranklin D Roosevelt and the American Political System723 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ The United States can be considered to be the result of its presidents and of the politics they undergone. Almost all the presidents of the United States are considered to have been leaders in their own times. From this point of view, Franklin Delano Roosevelt is one of the most influential and most powerful men in the history of the US. He led the United States out from a crisis the US would emerge victoriously and into a war it would win. The Great Depression and the period of the New Deal

Gabriel Garcia Marquez (spanis Essay Example For Students

Gabriel Garcia Marquez (spanis Essay By: Paul Phoenix E-mail: emailprotected Nacio el 6 de marzo de 1928 en Aracataca, Columbia , en el hogar de Gabriel Eligio Garcia, telegrafista y de Luisa Santiaga Marquez Iguaran. Siendo muy nio fue dejado al cuidado de sus abuelos maternos, el Coronel Nicolas Marquez Iguaran -su idolo de toda la vida- y Tranquilina Iguaran Cortes. El reconoce que su madre es quien descubre los personajes de sus novelas a traves de sus recuerdos. Por haber vivido retirado al comienzo de su padre, le fue difcil tratarlo con confianza en la adolescencia; nunca me sentia seguro frente a el, no sabia como complacerlo. El era de una seriedad que yo confundia con la incomprension, dice Garcia Marquez. En 1936, cuando murio su abuelo, fue enviado a estudiar a Barranquilla. En 1940, viajo a Zipaquira, donde fue becado para estudiar bachillerato. Alli, como no tena suficiente dinero para perder ni suficiente billar para ganar, preferia quedarme en el cuarto encerrado, leyendo, comenta el Nobel. En 1946 termino bachillerato. Al ao siguiente se matriculo en la Facultad de Ciencias Politicas de la Universidad Nacional y edito en diario El Espectador su cuento, La primera designacion. En 1950, escribio una columna en el periodico El Heraldo de Barranquilla, bajo el seudnimo de Septimus y en 1952, publico el captulo inicial de La Hojarasca, su primera novela en ese diario, en el que colaboro desde 1956. En 1958, se caso con Mercedes Barcha. Tienen dos hijos, Rodrigo y Gonzalo. Gabriel Garcia Marquez, quien esta radicado en Ciudad de Mexico desde 1975, en una vieja casona restaurada por el mismo, es amigo cercano de inportantes personalidades mundiales, lo fue de Omar Torrijos y conserva fuertes lazos con Fidel Castro, Carlos Andres Perez, Francois Miterrand, los presidentes de Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia y otros muchos. El 11 de diciembre de 1982, despues de que por votacion unanime de los 18 miembros de la Academia Sueca, fue galardonado con el Premio Nobel de Literatura por su obra. La vida y obra del Nobel Garcia Marquez ha sido reconocida publicamente: en 1961 recibio el Premio Esso, en 1977, fue homenajeado en el XIII Congreso Internacional de Literatura Iberoamericana; en 1971, declarado Doctor Honoris Causa por la Universidad de Columbia, en Nueva York; en 1972, obtuvo el Premio Romulo Gallegos por su obra La Candida Erendira y su abuela desalmada. En 1981, el gobierno frances le concedio la condecoracion Legion de Honor en el grado de Gran Comendador. Ese ao asistio a la posesion de su amigo y Presidente de la Republica, Francois Miterrand. En 1992, fue nombrado jurado del Festival de Cine de Cannes. Algunas de sus obras literarias fueron; 1955 La Hojarasca, La Mala Hora, El Coronel No Tiene Quien Le Escriba, Los Funerales de la Mama Grande, 1967 Cien Anos de Soledad, El Otono del Patriarca, Cronica de una Muerte Anunciada, El Amor en los Tiempos del Colera ,Doce Cuentos Peregrinos. El ultimo libro de Gabriel Garcia Marquez fue publicado en 1994. Sobre el, Del amor y otros demonios, dijo Alvaro Mutis: es una novela perfecta desde el punto de vista historico, con fuertes planteamientos de caracter dogmatico en la que aparecen ciertos personajes cuya caracterizacion es realmente genial. Gabriel Garcia Marquez, quien hoy prepara un libro que titulara La profesion mas hermosa del mundo, sobre periodismo, a sus 66 aos es considerado por un importante grupo de intelectuales como el escritor vivo mas importante del mundo, segun lecturas dominicales de El Tiempo del 28 de agosto de 1994. Gabo, quien alterna su vida entre Mexico y Colombia, practicamente vive en un avion. Ha recorrido el mundo entero y engrandecido el nombre del pais en el exterior, llevando nuestros paisajes y costumbres de un continente a otro, itinerario que inicio en 1957 cuando visito la Republica Democratica Alemana, Checoslovaquia, Polonia, Hungria y la Union Sovietica, temas de su articulo Noventa dias en la cortina de hierro. Despues de 1967 cuando se fue a vivir a Barcelona y cuando el mundo se dio cuenta de su obra maestra Cien Aos de Soledad, que ha marcado la historia de la literatura de nuestro siglo, Garcia Marquez se ha convertido en invitado de honor de sucesos intercontinentales, de congresos, de festivales, de posesiones y de eventos, porque su presencia tiene un valor muy especial. Sin duda alguna, Gabriel Garcia Marquez es el escritor ejemplar y moderno quien enfoca mas sus obras literarias con los temas de la murte y la soledad y que escribe con el estilo del realismo magico. .u33b76ecfa6e8daf904e098c3fc89f8c3 , .u33b76ecfa6e8daf904e098c3fc89f8c3 .postImageUrl , .u33b76ecfa6e8daf904e098c3fc89f8c3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u33b76ecfa6e8daf904e098c3fc89f8c3 , .u33b76ecfa6e8daf904e098c3fc89f8c3:hover , .u33b76ecfa6e8daf904e098c3fc89f8c3:visited , .u33b76ecfa6e8daf904e098c3fc89f8c3:active { border:0!important; } .u33b76ecfa6e8daf904e098c3fc89f8c3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u33b76ecfa6e8daf904e098c3fc89f8c3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u33b76ecfa6e8daf904e098c3fc89f8c3:active , .u33b76ecfa6e8daf904e098c3fc89f8c3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u33b76ecfa6e8daf904e098c3fc89f8c3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u33b76ecfa6e8daf904e098c3fc89f8c3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u33b76ecfa6e8daf904e098c3fc89f8c3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u33b76ecfa6e8daf904e098c3fc89f8c3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u33b76ecfa6e8daf904e098c3fc89f8c3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u33b76ecfa6e8daf904e098c3fc89f8c3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u33b76ecfa6e8daf904e098c3fc89f8c3 .u33b76ecfa6e8daf904e098c3fc89f8c3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u33b76ecfa6e8daf904e098c3fc89f8c3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In Cold Blood: Death Penalty Capital Punishment ha Essay Word Count: 746

The Crucible Essays (283 words) - Salem Witch Trials, The Crucible

The Crucible In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, some of the characters showed courage when the live's of their loved ones were at risk. One of the main character's in the play was John Proctor. He showed courage when his wife, Elizabeth was accused of being a witch. When John found out that it was Abigail Williams, John's mistress, who accused Elizabeth he said, ?Fear nothing. I'll find Ezekial Cheever. I'll tell him that it was all sport.?(p.61, Proctor). Being it was Abigail who had accused Elizabeth made it difficult for John. John and Elizabeth had a very heated argument about Abigail. She believed that Abigail was out to kill her. She said to John, ?Spoke or silent, a promise is surely made. And she may dote on it now - I am sure she does - and thinks to kill me, then to take my place.?(p.61, Elizabeth). John doesn't seem to think that Abigail would do such a terrible thing to Elizabeth. Elizabeth says, ?It is her dearest hope, John, I know it. There be a thousand names; why does she call mine? There be a certain danger in calling such a name - I am no Goody Good that leeps in ditches, nor Osburn, drunk and half-witted. She'd dare not call out such a farmer's wife but there be monstrous profit in it. She thinks to take my place, John.?(p.61, Elizabeth) Elizabeth also said, ?You'll tear it free - when you come to know that I will be your only wife, or no wife at all! She has an arrow in you yet, John Proctor, and you know it well!?(p.62, Elizabeth) Another issue that made it difficult for John to prove Elizabeth was innocent was that John did not attend church.

Should the NCAA Continue to Monitor and Enforce Compliance on the Collegiate Level

Should the NCAA Continue to Monitor and Enforce Compliance on the Collegiate Level Introduction The National Collegiate Academic Association was established approximately one hundred years ago with the principal objective of monitoring and regulating athletic sports practices at the collegiate level and universities. The main purpose of the organization is to ensure fairness, safety, equitability and sportsmanlike conduct in intercollegiate athletics (NCAA, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Should the NCAA Continue to Monitor and Enforce Compliance on the Collegiate Level? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More NCCA also aims at ensuring the integration of intercollegiate athletics into higher education in order to ensure that the educational experience of the student-athlete is supreme. This implies that the policies adopted by the body embraces both academics and athletics excellence. In the light of this view, there is need for institutional control, which broadly refers to efforts adopted by the institutions to comply with the NCCA rules and look into violations that may take place (NCAA, 2011). Intercollegiate athletics in the present day is characterized by a number of complex legislations, administrative processes and laws. Effective implementation of these needs comprehensive knowledge and feasible advice in order to foster compliance in an area that is often characterized by extreme public scrutiny (Bill, 2011). In addition, effective implementation within the context of higher education needs a cost-effective implementation of the resources in a manner that is consistent with the educational goals of NCCA. The current state of collegiate sports is characterized with cases of increasing scandals, improper benefits, violations by the sports agents and those in charge of recruitment poses the need to investigate the effectiveness of the NCAA to foster compliance and monitoring of the collegiate institutions and their respective sports practices (Taylor, 2011). The re al problem is within the organizational structure of the collegiate sports. Cases of malpractices within the collegiate sports are on the increase. For instance, during 2010, the National Collegiate Athletic Association summoned the University of Southern California after finding out cases of improper benefits. According to reports by Yahoo Sports, millions of dollars had been given to at least seventy Hurricanes Football players in a period of at least 8 years.Advertising Looking for proposal on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The real scandal cannot be attributed to the improper benefits and malpractice by the agents and recruiter, rather with the structure and the principles that NCAA justifies its establishment basing on the principles of amateurism and student athlete. Notable violations include the skeptical hoaxes, legalistic confections that are initiated by higher institutions in order to e xploit the fame and the skills of the youthful athletes (Smith, 2011). This culminates to unfair and unequal treatment of the college athletes due to the fact that some are paid while others are not. There will be a number of ethical and legal issues concerning this research including the principle of voluntary participation, preservation and anonymity of the respondents and the potential harm or good that may be as a result of the research (Ruane, 2005). This research will serve to add to the current knowledge regarding the status of the collegiate sports and to determine whether the NCAA should continue monitoring and reinforcing compliance. Variables Independent Variables: The types of collegiate athletics malpractices: the various types of malpractices will be used as a major indicator of the compliance and regulative failures associated with the structure and objectives of NCAA. Number of college institutions complying with the NCAA rules: This variable will be used to evaluat e the prevalence of college athletics malpractices between complying and non-complying institutions The number of students involved in sports malpractices: This will be used to assess the rate of involvement of students in the violations of NCAA rules and the underlying causation factors for their involvement in malpractices in college sports. This will be vital in assessing the structural failures of the institutions that are not complying with the NCAA rules Unfairness among the college athletes and the NCAA rules and regulations: this will indicate the ineffectiveness of the implementation of the NCAA rules and regulations by the colleges. The documented number of violations by the college institutions in the United States. Dependent Variables: The need to reinforce monitoring and compliance by the NCAA: this will depend on the extremities of the identified malpractices due to non-compliance The effectiveness of NCAA in reducing malpractices in collegiate sports, which will dep end on the overall extent of the violations of the NCAA. Summary The increase in violations and malpractices in collegiate sports questions the effectiveness of the NCAA in fostering monitoring and compliance of the college institutions (Bill, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Should the NCAA Continue to Monitor and Enforce Compliance on the Collegiate Level? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Notable areas of concern include cases of increasing scandals, improper benefits, violations by the sports agents and those in charge of recruitment poses the need to investigate the effectiveness of the NCAA to foster compliance and monitoring of the collegiate institutions and their respective sports. Ethical and legal issues identified that are associated with carrying out of this research include principle of voluntary participation, preservation and anonymity of the respondents and the potential harm or good that m ay be as a result of the research. This research will be an effective tool that can be used for recommendations regarding the reinforcement of compliance by the NCAA. Review Of Literature An increase in the number of scandals entailing college athletes receiving money and other types of improper benefits and with the increase in the cases of violations by the sports agents and the recruiting personnel has tainted the reputation that college sports had. Collegiate institutions such as the University of Miami, University of South Carolina and the University of North Carolina have been on the limelight for violation of the NCAA rules rather than administering education to students (Elkin, 2011). The NCAA has the sole responsibility of enforcing accountability within the college; however, it has been hesitant to adopt strategies to address the increasing cases of the violations of the established rules and regulations. Mc Millen (2011) considers the assumption that the National Collegia te Athletic Association can implement safeguards and administer punishments for the institutions that violate its rules as a wishful thinking. In the light of this, Mc Millen (2011) asserts that the NCAA is not ready to address the problems that it created; as a result, the college trustees should play a forefront role in ensuring the goals of NCAA are achieved together with the educational excellence of student athletes.Advertising Looking for proposal on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reforms in the NCAA to constrain colleges’ expenditure in sports have failed since most of such transactions are carried off the book, making it hard to detect and administer punishments (Taylor, 2011). The situation is worsened by the perception that college athletics is a multi-billion dollar industry characterized by sports budgets that are bloated and highly paid trainers and coaches and recruiters who use the funds available to recruit the top talent in the sport. The ineffectiveness of the NCAA in punishment administration is worsened by the fact that the most of culprits often move on after the punishment for administration have been issued. For instance, Mc Millen (2011) notes the USD 4 million annual pay for football coach within the University of South Carolina. While the NCAA was investigating the matter, the accused coach was given another contract as the head coach for a five year contract at Seattle Seahawks worth USD 30 million. By the time the sanctions agains t the football team at the USC were issued, the coach was already gone. This is a clear indication of structural failures with the organization. Mc Millen (2011) says that colleges usually take pride when their sports teams are successful. Cases of scandals usually affect their reputations. In the light of this view, Mc Millen (2011) proposes that colleges have the inherent capacity and capability to deploy measures to eliminate the malpractices in collegiate sport programs. This implies that the college trustees and the college regents can effectively adopt effective solutions when compared to the NCAA president s who are less conversant in collegiate sports programs and are faced with intense economic pressure from the fans (Mc Millen, 2011). Presently, most of the boards are extremely comfortable with their athletic departments; as a result, most of the board members tend to forget that their responsibility is to safeguard the institutions and not the trainers and coaches and sat isfying the fans. This puts the college trustees in a position that they can effectively maintain the standards (Smith, 2011). In addition, a significant number of the colleges are laxative in relation to their sports programs due to the high profits accrued from the sports broadcasting and the revenue received from the fans. This results in reluctance towards the policing of the practices of the coaches, the players and the directors of athletic departments (Fleisher, 1992). Therefore, the trustees and regents of collegiate institutions have a legal and moral obligation to ensure that they are involved in practices that are deemed right for their institutions (Fiutak, 2011). The adoption of the recommendations by the Association of Governing Boards and Colleges will help in minimizing cases associated with the violations of the NCAA legislations and the law. Some of the recommendations by Mc Millen (2011) to eliminate malpractices in the collegiate sports include annual approval of the budgets for the sports programs and their most important capital expenses by the college regents; annual auditing of the expenditures incurred by the athletic department by external auditors who are independent; establishment of a committee that have the responsibility of monitoring compliance with the NCAA legislations and the academic performance of the student athlete and the approval of coach and directors compensation by the board (Yaeger, 1991). A survey conducted by Mc Millen (2011) concluded that a number of colleges are starting to acknowledge the significance of these recommendations. For instance, regents undertake annual auditing of the athletic department within the Kansas State University. Similar practices were adopted at the University of Michigan through the signing off on the operating and capital budgets adopted by the athletic department. In addition, panels have been established to address athletic problems have been established in the University of Colorad o and Georgetown University, University of Wisconsin, University of Oklahoma and Texas AM University (Taylor, 2011). These colleges are also embarking on the approval of any adjustments in the compensation for their athletic personnel. Mc Millen (2011) therefore concluded that the NCAA requires to be more careful in ensuring that colleges comply with its legislations and foster accountability within the college boards. In addressing the issues in college sports, schools do not have the responsibility in addressing the violations of the rules, but can help in preventing their occurrences, which serves to take place of the void created by the incapability of the NCAA (Mc Millen, 2011). The increasing number of sanctions adopted by the NCAA issued to Ohio, Texas, Auburn and Tennessee denotes the nature of the present college sports. This poses significant concerns as to who is to be blamed, and the steps that NCAA can implement in order to fix all the problems that are facing college a thletics. Fiutak (2011) argues that the NCAA is responsible for the present state of affairs in college athletics and argues that the problem is mainly due to rules that are deemed unrealistic and unfair. In addition, the situation is worsened by the fact that the NCAA openly admitted that it lacks the capability to reinforce the rules that it established. Fiutak further argues that the NCAA has not adopted fruitful efforts in preventing sports programs from engaging in cheating and ensuring that there are minimal cases of improper benefits and incentives. Fiutak (2011) agrees with Mc Millen (2011) that NCAA lacks that the capability to fix the issues of compliance and monitoring of the college institutions with regard to college sports. Fiutak notes that most of the scandals in college sports are usually uncovered by the media and concludes that the legislative measures adopted by NCAA are not effective in imposing some level of deterrence. There are no simple solutions to address the complex issues rocking college athletics (Mc Millen, 2011). There are number of limitations of the NCAA in addressing this issue of compliance and monitoring of college sports programs. A practical limitation that NCAA faces is the manpower and the resources required for investigating scandals in the college sports programs. Unless the media is legalized to blow up the scandals, this task is considered as too big for the NCAA; a fact that the organization has already admitted. The second constraint is that the NCAA can be provided with wrong facts. This is worsened by the fact that there are no legal provisions at the federal and state level that can result to perjury charges for providing the NCAA with falsified information (NCAA, 2011). This means that lack of appropriate and accurate evidence makes it hard for the NCAA to administer punishment and reinforce its compliance and monitoring goals. It is important for the NCAA to have an understanding of its limitations, and explo it them to develop effective solutions to the problems facing college sports programs. Fiutak (2011) suggests the granting of amnesty for the scandals that took place in the past as a starting point, after which the colleges, coaches and administrators must engage in self-reporting by collaborative working with the NCAA. According to this approach, compliance, monitoring and accountability rests with the college, and the NCAA only steps in during cases of the violations of the legislations. Case by case analysis is needed for violations that are done off-the-book without the involvement of the major parties (Mc Millen, 2011). Leniency is guaranteed provided that there are self-reporting efforts and corrective steps aimed at making the situation right. Any potential cases of violations and deviations from the principles of NCAA are adequate enough to amount to ban from participation in the NCAA championships. Fiutak notes that the current steps adopted by the NCAA are not effective a nd it is time to step out of the line and use stringent legislations that have no provisions for future scandals and malpractices. In addition, Fiutak recommends that the players are also supposed to be allocated a fair share of the blame and face the consequences. This approach however requires much effort from the coaches in terms of individual monitoring of the players. The focus should also aim at helping the student athletes achieve their academic goals. Fiutak concludes that the issues of compliance and monitoring are fixable, although NCAA has to be more realistic due to the fact that times have changed and its approaches also need a review (Fiutak, 2011). Lack of institutional control by the NCAA is also a significant issue that imposes significant impacts on the compliance and monitoring of college sports programs. The NCAA has been on the forefront in highlighting the institutions that have violated its legislations and engaged in malpractices (Mc Millen, 2011). The outcom e of this is there is increasing frenzy while there are no feasible solutions. As a result, NCAA has managed to escape scrutiny, yet the real issue rests within its administrative structure. The NCAA is considered corrupt, which is a significant constraint towards effective implementation of compliance and monitoring by the colleges. In addition, the NCAA establishes the rules as times goes by. Most of the justification for the sanctions adopted by NCAA base on a reasoning that is post hoc, making it almost impractical for the colleges to navigate (Elkin, 2011). For instance, in the case of the sanctions imposed on the University of South Carolina, heavy penalties were imposed due to lack of compliance. A survey by Fiutak (2011) reported that the NCAA does not have guidelines in its legislations stating the minimum number of compliance officers that the individual colleges must have. In the case of USC, the NCAA did not state prior to the sanction that the college did not have suffi cient compliance officers. Lack of clarity in the NCAA legislations makes it difficult to implement effective compliance and monitoring in sports programs in colleges. Lack of institutional control is one of the principal reasons why NCAA is not effective in ensuring compliance and monitoring of the colleges and their respective athletics programs. The semi-voluntary nature of the organization imposes significant limitations regarding its level of institutional control and its susceptibility to manipulation by the colleges (Taylor, 2011). It is arguably evident that most of elements of theoretical framework have focused on the role that the colleges’ trustees and regents can play in ensuring compliance and monitoring frameworks. The existing and proposed solutions on the issue have shifted focus from the structural role of NCAA in fostering compliance and monitoring of the college sports programs (Taylor, 2011). This creates a void between the institutional roles and accounta bility and the role of the NCAA in ensuring that the colleges comply with its regulations in order to eliminate cases of malpractices in collegiate athletics. Despite the efforts adopted by colleges to enhance accountability and compliance, the NCAA has a responsibility of ensuring that compliance is actually taking places according to the reports by the colleges (Taylor, 2011). Effective implementation needs adequate institutional control for this strategy to be effective. This poses the need to determine whether the NCAA should continue monitoring and enforcing compliance at the collegiate level, which is the primary focus of this research. Research Question Owing to the current status of athletic at collegiate level, it is vital to deploy appropriate structural policies to ensure that institutions at collegiate level are complying with the legislations established by the NCAA. Prior to reaching a conclusive opinion, it is also important to assess the effectiveness of the current monitoring and compliance strategies. This will provide a theoretical framework that describes the conditions under which the proposed monitoring and compliance enforcement should take place. Basing on this framework, the following is the research question. Should the NCAA continue to monitor and enforce compliance on the collegiate level? Method Purpose When assessing the effectiveness of the NCAA in eliminating malpractice in college sports programs and the attainment of educational excellence for student athlete, most authors relied on qualitative approaches for their surveys and the resulting conclusions. This study will deploy a qualitative approach to determine the answer to the established research question (Ruane, 2005). A significant body of research in relation to the topic based on the roles and responsibilities of the colleges in enhancing accountability and fostering compliance with the rules and legislations of the NCAA. This leaves a void in assessing the effectivenes s of the NCAA in monitoring and enforcing compliance. This is the framework adopted in this research, which focuses on the role of the role of the NCAA in monitoring and enforcing compliance at the collegiate level. On a wider perspective, the purpose of this research is to assess the effectiveness of the NCAA in addressing the problems associated with the sports programs at the collegiate level. On a narrow perspective, this research aims at determining whether or not the NCAA should continue monitoring and enforcing compliance on the collegiate level. Paradigm The knowledge acquisition for this method will be based on actual research and primary sources. The research will make use of previous theoretical frameworks as a philosophical model for knowledge acquisition (Ruane, 2005). This implies that the actual findings from the research will be compared with the existing findings and theoretical model as a framework for arriving at the answer of the research questions. This implies that the research will significantly rely on primary data sources, which will be achieved using the data collection methods outlined later in this research proposal (Maxwell, 1996). In order to determine the accuracy of the discussion of the findings and recommendations, a comparative approach is recommended through the analysis of the influences of the research methodologies on the research findings and conclusions. Primary research involves the data acquisition based on first-hand information by the researcher (Fisher, 2007). This will be carried out using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, which will be based on a one-on-one approach with the respondent. Primary data sources serves as an effective method of carrying out a research because the information gathered is usually raw and has not been manipulated, this in turn increases the accuracy of the research study (Ruane, 2005). In addition, the primary data collected can be used to match against the secondary sources for accuracy purposes (Maxfield Babbie, 2009). The various ways of gathering primary data that were used during the research include questionnaires and interviews. Study design Research method is determined by the structure of the research question and the research context. Social research aims at providing an explanation for current state of affairs using predetermined variables (May, 2001). Research significantly depends on probability; therefore, providing an explanation why a given variable plays a significant role in determining the outcome is vital (Ruane, 2005). This implies that it is imperative for the research to put more emphasis on the findings, coupled with a correlation to the available theoretical frameworks to explain the effectiveness of the NCAA in addressing issues associated lack of institutional control and compliance (Nardi, 2003). When carrying out a research, the researcher can choose between qualitative and quantitative approaches. Quantitative approach en tails the compilation and breakdown of experimental data and statistics to result to infer a conclusion; it involves collecting data through investigative units such as questionnaires (Maxfield Babbie, 2009). Qualitative approach on the other hand utilizes analysis and evaluation of qualitative data through interviews and observation to reach a conclusion. This research requires the analysis of qualitative data that will be collected from the coaching staff, college administrators, compliance officials and personnel of the NCAA in relation to its effectiveness in enforcing compliance and monitoring the athletics programs at the collegiate level (Maxfield Earl, 2011). In addition, data collected will also entail the opinions of the players regarding the need for the NCAA to continue monitoring and enforcing compliance (Ruane, 2005). The data acquisition methods will incorporate both primary and secondary sources. This are because the data collected was in form of questionnaires and interviews, which are both quantitative and qualitative respectively. The deductive approach will be used since the research will begin with a description of concepts such as the variables affecting the effectiveness of NCAA, after which it will involve an analysis of empirical evidence. Therefore, a deductive approach was used because the research study commences with a research hypothesis and terminates with empirical measurement, analysis and evaluation of research findings (Ruane, 2005). Population and sample The target population for this research will mainly include college institutions in the state of South Carolina. The sample population will include the compliance officers in the colleges, staffs of athletic departments, NCAA personnel and the players. This implies that the sampling approach to be used in the research will be quota sampling in the sense that the respondents are grouped in accordance with their roles and responsibilities in ensuring accountability and compl iance with the regulations of the NCAA (Ritchie Lewis, 2003). Investigative techniques Data consists of two types: primary data which is collected by the researcher and secondary data which is collected by other researchers (Neuman, 2003). The research will utilize mainly primary data sources. Data collection is a significant requirement for the success of any social research since it determines the success of the research in terms of facilitating the inference of conclusions. This implies that a research should significantly rely on statistical data since it deploys a probabilistic approach to offer a rational explanation to the ways things are currently in the social context (Fisher, 2007). Questionnaires Ruane (2005, p.123) defines questionnaire as â€Å"self-contained, self-administered instrument for asking questions†. The questionnaire will be used to gather information on the perceptions of police workforce basing on gender orientations. The use of questionnaire is pr eferred because it facilitates the researchers to acquire enormous amounts of data within a limited time frame. The use of questionnaire will also provide a first-hand data from the respondents regarding the effectiveness of the NCAA in addressing the problems facing athletic programs at the collegiate level (Neuman Kreuger, 2006). The primary objective of a questionnaire is to encourage and offer motivation to the respondent to actively participate in the interview. This will be achieved through the use of interesting questions and visual aid representations for clarity. The respondents will be asked their opinions as to whether the NCAA should continue to monitor and enforce compliance at collegiate level. This will be aimed at captivating the motivation of the respondents to actively participate in the research study. The questionnaire will comprise of structured and unstructured (open) questions. A structured question can be either in form of multiple choices, dichotomous quest ions or scales (Ruane, 2005). Dichotomous questions are designed to collect the fundamental data from respondents such as Male or Female, age and other basic personal information. Dichotomous questions will save time required for the respondents to answer the questions. They will be in a simple format involving Yes or No multiple choice questions (Fisher, 2007). Checklists will be used to obtain diverse information from the respondents such as the minimum number of compliance officers required, whether monitoring and compliance is required or not, and whether the NCAA should be disbanded altogether. All these will be helpful in determining the need for monitoring and compliance enforcement within the colleges (Neuman W. L., 2003). Ratio Scales will be designed as a five-point scale range between 0 and 5 to indicate extremes of the need for changes in the structural and administrative organization of the NCAA. The will also be the open ended questions where the respondents will be ab le to open clarify and express their opinions in detail concerning the overall effectiveness of the NCAA in meeting specific requirements posed by collegiate sports requirements. This research aims to collect approximately 100 questionnaires from the various regions in the state of South Carolina. Semi-structured interviews Semi-structured interviews provide a large number of qualitative data. However, the limiting factor towards this approach is that interviews a lot of time. The semi-structured interviews will mainly involve selected players at collegiate level. Willing players will be interviewed immediately (Maxfield Babbie, 2009). Focus groups Ruane (2005) argues that focus groups are one of the most effective methods of gathering collective data. In addition, it offers an interactive approach to research. Focus groups used in the research will comprise of six individuals; three females and three males, with one facilitator. The proposed duration for a focus group meeting will range from forty five minutes to one hour. Instrumentation An Initial pilot study will be done in order to ensure the quality and accuracy of the questionnaire and interview’s questions. It will also be used to test the reliability and validity of the primary research through discussions with friends. The initial pilot study will be aimed at detecting and rectification of the difficulties concerning the questionnaires such as cases of ambiguity in the questions and lack of clarity (Neuman, 2003). It will be carried within the surroundings of the university and the neighbourhood. Data collections The collections will be collected within duration of one week after being issued to the respondents. In cases where possible, questionnaires will be distributed electronically to the target respondents. For electronic submissions, mail alerts will be used, while call alerts will be used for individual submission of the questionnaire (Maxfield Babbie, 2009). Data analysis plan Data a nalysis is an essential phase in research because it is used to infer conclusions. The research findings will offer a framework for determining the answer to the research question. It is therefore important that the data collected should be as accurate as possible to facilitate the process of data analysis. The data collected during the research will mainly entail qualitative data. This implies that both inferential and descriptive statistics was used to arrive at the conclusion (Maxfield Babbie, 2009). Descriptive statistics in research usually serve to summarize and describe data with quantities such as percentage, proportion, mean, mode, mode and other descriptive statistical quantities. Inferential statistics on the other hand was used to generalize on the sample population; it will generally entail the use of statistical tests such as variance, chi-square, standard deviation and other statistical test variables (Fisher, 2007). The approach for data analysis will consist of mai nly univariate data analysis, which examines the distribution of one statistical variable at a time. Bivariate data analysis will also be deployed in analysis cases that will require the evaluation of the relationship between two variables, for example, the relationship that exists between compliance enforcement and the occurrence of violations and scandals (Fisher, 2007). Ethical consideration (Human Subject Protections) Any social research must put into consideration the various ethical and legal concerns associated with conducting a social research (Neuman, 2003). Firstly, the questionnaire and interview questions should be devoid of sensitive questions. Majority of people fear for their views to be known and they seek confidentiality. The following is an outline of the ethical and legal issues associated with the research. The principle of voluntary participation: it requires that no correspondent will be forced into participating. In order to achieve these, the questionnaires will be issued to only participants who will be willing to participate in the research study. Preservation and anonymity of the respondents: all social research studies should aim at guaranteeing the anonymity and confidentiality of the respondents. All the information gathered will not be revealed to anyone under any circumstance. In addition the questionnaires will not be asking the respondents their names and associated personal information. The social research should guarantee no harm to participants and researchers before, during and after the research study. It is an ethical requirement of a social research study that the researcher should not put the respondent in a harmful situation through his participation in the project. All participant shall receive equal treatment without prejudice and they will be informed the reasons for the research prior to their participation. Assumptions The responses from the participants will be honest The number of the responses is adequate e nough to carry out accurate data analysis and answer the research question The data distribution will be normal Limitations The significant constraint that the research will face is the time constraints. This may result to inadequate collection of questionnaires. This may result to a higher marginal error. Another problem was that some target respondents might not be interested in answering the questions during the research and during interview. Some respondents may also provide inaccurate information, which will affect the accuracy of the findings and their respective interpretation. Data analysis and interpretation will deploy adequate provisions in order to addresses the anticipated marginal error imposed by the research methodology. Timeline period Task January Week 1-week 2 Research on more literature and read them. Week 3-week 4 Read on literature and make required notes February Week 1 Research on project management techniques. week 2 Make required consu ltations to matters pertaining the project Week 3 Identification of potential research areas Week 4 Gathering of necessary requirements for the research March Week 1 Design the questionnaire and interview questions. Establish Pilot questionnaires and interviews. Week 2 Restructure and review questionnaire and interview questions. Week 3 Draft the literature review and edit it. Week 4 Collect questionnaires and make appointments of interviews. April Week 1 Write literature review. Week 2 Revise the literature review and make necessary adjustments. Week 3 Data collection through questionnaires and interview Week 4 Continue with questionnaire and interviews. May Week 1 Analyse results of primary data. Week 2 Analyse results of primary data. Week 3 Write the research report Week 4 Conduct thorough Proof reading. Week 5 Submission of dissertation. References Bill, N. (2011, June 20). College Football 2011: With NCAA Amateurism a Joke, Heres How to Fix the Mess. Retrieved from Bleacher Report, Inc: http://bleacherreport.com/articles/741984-ncaa-and-amateurism-are-a-joke-how to-fix-the-college-football-mess/page/3 Elkin, A. (2011, August 17). NCAAs stricter academic rules: What does it mean for your team? Retrieved from CNN: http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/17/ncaas-stricter-academic-rules-what-does it-mean-for-your-team/ Fisher, C. (2007). Researching and writing a dissertation. Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited. Fiutak, P. (2011, June 8). What The NCAA Needs To Do To Fix The System. Retrieved from CollegeFootballNews.com: http://cfn.scout.com/2/1077987.html Fleisher, A. (1992). The National Collegiate Athletic Association: a study in cartel behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Maxfield, M., Babbie, E. (2009). Basics of Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology. California: Wadsworth. Maxfield, M., Earl, B. (2011). Basics of Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology. New Y ork: Cengage Learning. Maxwell, J. (1996). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Thousand Oaks: Sage. May, T. (2001). Social Research Issues, methods and process. Maidenhead: OUP. Mc Millen, T. (2011, August 31). Accountability on the Quad. Retrieved from The New York Times: nytimes.com/2011/09/01/opinion/how-to-referee-college sports.html?_r=1 Nardi, P. (2003). Doing Survey Research- A Guide to Quantitative Methods. Boston: Pearson Education Inc. NCAA. (2011). Rules Compliance. Retrieved from ncaa.org/wps/wcm/connect/public/NCAA/Enforcement/Process/Char ing# Neuman, W. L. (2003). Social Research Methods- Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Boston: Pearson Education Inc. Neuman, W. L., Kreuger, L. (2006). Social work research methods with research navigator. New York: Allyn Bacon. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J. (2003). Qualitative research practice: a guide for social science students and researchers. Sage Publications: London. Ruane, J. M. (2005). Essentials of Res earch methods: a guide to social science research. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. Smith, E. (2011, May). USC vehemently disagrees with NCAAs rejection of appeal. Retrieved from USA Today: http://content.usatoday.com/communities/campusrivalry/post/2011/05/usc reaction-vehemently-disagree-ncaa-appeal-denied/1 Taylor, B. (2011, October). The Shame of College Sports. Retrieved from The Atlantic: theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/10/the shame-of-college-sports/8643/?single_page=true Yaeger, D. (1991). Undue process: the NCAAs injustice for all. New York: Sports Publishing LLC.

Hares and Rabbits - Leporidae - The Animal Encyclopedia

Hares and Rabbits - Leporidae - The Animal Encyclopedia Hares and rabbits (Leporidae) together form a group of lagomorphs that includes about 50 species of hares, jackrabbits, cottontails and rabbits. Hares and rabbits have short bushy tails, long hind legs and long ears. In most of the ecosystems they occupy, hares and rabbits are the prey of numerous species of carnivores and predatory birds. Consequently, hares and rabbits are well-adapted for speed (necessary for outrunning their many predators). The long back legs of hares and rabbits enable them to launch into motion quickly and sustain the fast running speeds for considerable distances. Some species can run as fast as 48 miles per hour. The ears of hares and rabbits are generally quite large and well suited to efficiently capture and locate sounds. This enables them to take notice of potential threats at the first suspicious sound. In hot climates, large ears offers hares and rabbits an additional benefit. Due to their large surface area, the ears of hares and rabbits serve to disperse excess body heat. Indeed, hares that live in more tropical climates have larger ears than do those that live in colder climes (and thus have less need for heat dispersal). Hares and rabbits have eyes that are positioned on either side of their head such that their field of vision includes a complete 360 degree circle around their body. Their eyes are large, enabling them to take in ample light in the dim conditions present during the dawn, dark and dusk hours when they are active. The term hare is generally used to refer only to true hares (animals belonging to the genus Lepus). The term rabbit is used to refer to all remaining subgroups of the Leporidae. In broad terms, hares tend to be more specialized for rapid and sustained running while rabbits are more adapted for digging burrows and exhibit lower levels of running stamina. Hares and rabbits are  herbivores. They feed on a variety of plants including grasses, herbs, leaves, roots, bark and fruits. Since these food sources are difficult to digest, hares and rabbits must eat their feces so that food passes through their digestive tract twice and they can extract every last nutrient possible from their meals. This double digestive process is in fact so vital to hares and rabbits that if they are prevented from eating their feces, they will suffer malnutrition and die. Hares and rabbits have a nearly worldwide distribution that excludes only Antarctica, parts of South America, most islands, parts of Australia, Madagascar, and the West Indies. Humans have introduced hares and rabbits to many habitats they otherwise would not naturally inhabit. Hares and rabbits reproduce sexually. They exhibit high reproductive rates as a response to the high mortality rates they often suffer at the hands of predation, disease and harsh environmental conditions. Their gestation period averages between 30 and 40 days. Females give birth to between 1 and 9 young and in most species, they produce several litters per year. The young wean at about 1 month of age and reach sexual maturity quickly (in some species, for example, they are sexually mature at just 5 months of age). Size and Weight About 1 to 14 pounds and between 10 and 30 inches long. Classification Hares and rabbits are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Chordates Vertebrates Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals Lagomorphs Hares and Rabbits There are 11 groups of hares and rabbits. These include true hares, cottontail rabbits, red rock hares, and European rabbits as well as several other small groups. Evolution The earliest representative of hares and rabbits is thought to be Hsiuannania, a ground dwelling herbivore that lived during the Paleocene in China. Hsiuannania is know from just a few fragments of teeth and jaw bones but scientists are quite certain that the hares and rabbits originated somewhere in Asia.

Next Generation Air Transportation System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Next Generation Air Transportation System - Essay Example In addition, this program also encompasses airspace redesign and human factors affected by the air transport Next Generation Air Transport System is a proposed overhaul of the air traffic control system by the FAA. This government organ is moving away from the traditional control plan to exploit the advancement of technology in operating and managing aircrafts across the country. Accordingly, the aviation department plans to move from ground-based radar surveillance to satellite-based automatic monitoring. This program’s essential idea is the concept of free flights across the country. Through the adoption of various innovations, the aircrafts are guided by satellite instruments in the cockpit (Barkowski 6). This technology replaces the ground-based radars that require assistance by numerous traffic air controllers. Additionally, NextGen refers to the technology program that is essential and appropriate for ensuring safe and efficient movements of aircrafts. Thus, individual planes are given freedom to chart their path from departure to arrival destinations without the influence of aviation staff on the ground. Under free flights, the satellite-guided software provides direct and accurate routes to pilots to their targets. The Next Generation Air Transport System is currently in use across the country. Adoption of this program has already improved the air transport system in the country. Through the adoption of the guidelines and provision of this program, passengers are now enjoying the use of air transport. The crafts are saving time and moving swiftly across the country (Dillingham 5). In addition, the agency’s direct flights from different places is also useful. As a result, the industry is saving on operations cost since aircrafts use limited fuel. The crafts are also less pollutant to the environment since the emission of exhaust fumes has greatly reduced. Moreover, the program is

Goals and Intentions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Goals and Intentions - Research Paper Example While these art genres constitute overarching modes of production, there exists tremendous intention and variability within these genres. This essay compares Edouard Manet’s impressionist work ‘A Bar at the Folies-Bergere’ with Jules Bastien-Lepage’s ‘The Haymaker’ and examines both works for the artists’ intentions of creation. Comparative and Contrasting Elements Overarching Elements Edouard Manet was one of the most prominent impressionists working in the 19th century. While his work is seminal as an artifact of impressionism, it also has a number of notable individual elements. In this context of understanding one considers Manet’s ‘A Bar at the Folies-Bergere’. Created in 1882 this was Manet’s last major work. While Edouard Manet’s ‘A Bar at the Folies-Bergere’ is firmly rooted in the impressionist genre, Jules Bastien-Lepage’s ‘The Haymaker’ is understood to rooted in naturalism. This specific work was created in 1878. There are a number of comparative and contrasting elements to these works’ outward intentions. Manet’s outward intention in the creation of the work is to depict the Folies-Bergere nightclub from Paris, France. The work itself contains a great amount of materials that function to situate it as a visual depiction of the Folies. Researchers noted a pair of green feet in the upper right hand corner; these are the depiction of a trapeze artist that is performing at the club. In addition to this visual element, the specific ale featured is also reminiscient of the Folies-Bergere, namely Bass Pale Ale; this is noted by the red triangle on the bottle. Conversely, Bastien-Lepage’s work ostensibly depicts a woman sitting in a field, with a man passed out beside her; the obvious understanding is that they have been making or gathering hay. When considered in contrast to Manet’s work a number of notable elements emerge. Perhaps the most notable consideration outside of genre is the divergent socio-economic depiction. While Manet’s work is concerned with urban Parisian existence, Bastien-Lepage’s painting explores notions of the rural working class. Lombardi notes the woman is a peasant and considers that, â€Å"She is exhausted by hours of work, certainly not dreaming, but bearing all the signs of her human condition† (Lombardi, pg. 28). Ultimately, the most notable difference is this divergent depiction of socioeconomic status. Thematic and Artistic Intentions While there are divergent depictions of socioeconomic class, the two works demonstrate a number of convergent thematic concerns. One connotation as articulated in both works is an underlining sexuality. Referring to his creation of the work Bastien-Lepage wrote a letter to a woman noting, â€Å"You make one feel the scent of the hay and the heat of the meadow† (Bastien-Lepage, pg. 37). This statement carr ies with it a number of interpretive possibilities. For instance, the woman’s exhaustive state, while ostensibly demonstrating her exhaustion from work, could also function as a metaphor from the post-sexual act. Similarly, one considers the woman’s face in the Manet work wherein she contains a contemplative and tired look, perhaps reflecting on her sexual interaction with the man depicted in the mirror. One consideration is the nature of the bar as a marketplace. It’s understood that the Bass Pale Ale is a beer that tourists would drink rather than regular Parisians. When one considers the

Books are dead Essay Example for Free

Books are dead Essay It could be said that books are dead which leads to the question, What are people doing instead? People are buying and using modern technology indeed of reading books because books are tedious. Would you rather read through a whole chapter in a book just to find an answer to a question, or type in key words into a search engine on a computer and the information be found instantly? Other technologies such as; video, internet and DVD, have superseded them. The more advanced technology appeals to a wider audience and society is not pressurised into enjoying it from an early age if they do not want to, as in the case of books. Books are seen as primitive and dated because they have less to offer the next generation in the form of enjoyment. Furthermore, books are not fashionable in the twenty-first century. This is because popularity within the community is directly proportional to whether the individual has the newest technology or not. The most popular individual has the most recent technological development, such as the latest mobile telephone, and the not so popular individual is left behind, still reading books. Technology is a way to show off and showing off is a way of making new friends and keeping the existing ones. In addition, we would not have moved forward in time without new technology. For example, in the future, we will be able to travel into space and back, which we would not be able achieve using books. Of course, the maths and science would have originated from books but you would need technology to apply it. There is not point in publishing books anymore because no one has the time to sit down and read them. This is because they are boring and it is too much effort. You also have to be in the right mood to read a book, whereas you do not need to be with technology since there are so many alternatives. Books are a waste of paper and ink, and are we not trying to save the environment? Moreover, books are made by technology, for example, the printing press is made up of machines. So why not use technology in other ways that will be appreciated more? On the other hand, books have survived every new technological development, unlike the video recorder being superseded by the DVD recorder, within a few decades. Books have, and will stand the test of time because one can escape into a story in a book and enjoy it without the need for anyone else. Disappearing into a book is an escapist fantasy because you can interpret it in so many different ways. It also makes a nice change from the more advanced technology the world has to offer.

Larkins Poems Essay -- essays research papers

1. Choose three poems and analyze the effectiveness in them of Larkin’s imagery. Larkin’s poems are great artifacts of language; often colloquial and which bring many images to a person’s mind when reading them. We think of these images due to his use of words, standard rhyme schemes and his interesting perception of life transmitted through his poems. This essay will study these three poems; ‘The Whitsun Weddings’, ‘High Windows’ and ‘Sunny Prestatyn’ in order to show the effectiveness in them of Larkin’s imagery. ‘The Whitsun Weddings,’ represents the change in life, which everyone goes through. This poem is about a man, possibly Larkin, going on a train heading to the countryside. Towards the middle of the poem, he sees that on every station the train stops at, there is a newlywed couple getting on for their honeymoon. At the end of the poem, he explains how marriage changes you. He uses many nouns to describe what he sees while on the train. The first two stanzas describe in detail what he is viewing from inside the train. For example: â€Å"Behind the backs of houses, crossed a street Of blinding windscreens, smelt the fish-dock.† In this line, he is thoroughly describing each object he passes by, even the smell of the fish-dock. He tends to do this very successfully because he uses clever metaphors in his writing. An example of this could be one from the line above, â€Å"of blinding windscreens.† He is referring to the sun when he says, â€Å"blinding.† This gives an effect to th... Larkins Poems Essay -- essays research papers 1. Choose three poems and analyze the effectiveness in them of Larkin’s imagery. Larkin’s poems are great artifacts of language; often colloquial and which bring many images to a person’s mind when reading them. We think of these images due to his use of words, standard rhyme schemes and his interesting perception of life transmitted through his poems. This essay will study these three poems; ‘The Whitsun Weddings’, ‘High Windows’ and ‘Sunny Prestatyn’ in order to show the effectiveness in them of Larkin’s imagery. ‘The Whitsun Weddings,’ represents the change in life, which everyone goes through. This poem is about a man, possibly Larkin, going on a train heading to the countryside. Towards the middle of the poem, he sees that on every station the train stops at, there is a newlywed couple getting on for their honeymoon. At the end of the poem, he explains how marriage changes you. He uses many nouns to describe what he sees while on the train. The first two stanzas describe in detail what he is viewing from inside the train. For example: â€Å"Behind the backs of houses, crossed a street Of blinding windscreens, smelt the fish-dock.† In this line, he is thoroughly describing each object he passes by, even the smell of the fish-dock. He tends to do this very successfully because he uses clever metaphors in his writing. An example of this could be one from the line above, â€Å"of blinding windscreens.† He is referring to the sun when he says, â€Å"blinding.† This gives an effect to th...

Evaluation of another group’s performance

In drama we have been studying TIE, or theatre in Education. We practised pieces for which we chose certain subjects, like drugs or bullying, and performed it in front of a target year eight audience. I am evaluating a piece shown on Tuesday 7th December in the Drama studio in front of two classes and one year eight target audience class. The piece was about bullying and social acceptance, with informational themes and values. The main character was called Heather, and along with being bullied, she desperately wanted to be part of the â€Å"popular† gang. The ring leader of the popular bullies was called Sam. Throughout most of the play, she made fun of Heather and upset her a lot, and the gang copied her, but somewhere along the line, Sam's friends got a sudden spark of guilt, and turned on Sam to become friends with Heather, who, so drawn with her craving for popularity had attempted to steel an expensive bag, and started trying to become Sam. But all ended well, as Sam apologised to Heather after being dumped by her best friend Katy, and everyone became friends. They conveyed their characters very well to the audience; their voices were loud and clear, their costume, movement and gestures reflected their characterisation, and the things they said and did fitted their character, like when the bimbo, Sam, was upset, she ran away crying, but not just normally, she had an extra high pitched voice, and held her bag high and ran very femininely. Their facial expressions suited the concept in which they were used, and so were very effective and persuasive to the audience. They sustained their characters well throughout most of the piece, but at the beginning it seemed some of them were shy and timid, though they did break through into confidence early on. Their characterisation was very successful, especially in the comedy elements, like for example when Hannah played the policeman using the handcuffs and the language that it stereo typical to policemen, sustaining the role with humour. Their characters were believable, firstly because they were very familiar characters, and secondly because they played them very well. On a scale of one to ten, I would say their characterisation was believable at about seven. They used a lot of effective body language, like hand and face gestures and posture that reflected their character well. Their voice also was effective to the piece. Heather, for example, used a squeaky voice to portray a geek. Their costume was used well, with the angel and devil, and was effective because you knew immediately what they were. The characters also used props, like the clipboard the angel was holding and reading, which gave a sense of organisation. The bag was also useful in the stealing scene, because you knew at once what she was stealing, and when you don't have to work out things like that, you can concentrate on the piece itself. The group used a few explorative elements and drama mediums. They used for example, freeze frames these were valuable and effective because you could tell what they were when the happened, and could see things like thought tracing and conscience alley behind the scenes. The conscience alley itself could have been more effective, as it didn't build up much tension and was sort of cheesy. It was too short, and the only reason you knew what it was, is because of the devil and angel costumes. The staging and space was set out very well, although was sometimes too far upstage. Mostly however the whole space was used. There was some blocking (even when the blocked person was talking), mostly between the angel and devil. Staging furniture was also used to create a stand for a shop and chairs in a classroom. This was used and worked well because you could visualise the rest of the setting coming into place with just a few features. They didn't use a set, although this could have been effective if used and set out properly. The performance itself was successful. It used some information like child line phone numbers and advice. They also used humour, which is useful as it gets the attention of younger and older viewers. Without humour, the piece would have been boring and most of the audience wouldn't have liked it. I think they did achieve what they set out to do, as they entertained while informing, and formed a good piece of TIE drama, although it would have been better with more information. The atmosphere created was alright. There wasn't much tension, or a climax of any kind, but uses of silence and music worked well. Voice projection and accent was also used effectively. The overall strength of the piece in my opinion was the characterisation; the development of voice and costume. The overall weakness was probably the blocking; it did ruin some scenes and therefore affect the entire performance. I think the audience definitely enjoyed the piece, whether or not they saw the meaning of it is another question. But any negative response is mostly due to the lack of understanding the project and goal; TIE. In conclusion, I think this piece was very good, and I give it 7/10 for effort, 7/10 for characterisation, 7/10 for staging and 4/10 for use of drama mediums. Basically, I give it 28/40, which is a c grade.

Interpretations of American History Essay

There has been a notable change in the American History from the last 400 years until now. At the beginning the American History the subjects that the historians interpreted were politics, diplomacy and war. The only people who could do the interpreting were only white male Americans. The contemporary American historians wrote nearly about everything that affected everybody. This times were very different from what they are now, when you read history, you are reading the historian’s point of view or encounter with the world. The historians were fully dedicated to this, they spend hours, days, years of their life’s to prove the reality comes away. They were characterized by nationality or their school of thought. The historians can be Jeffersonian liberal, nationalist, progressive, feminist or postmodernist; for example, Perry Miller in the twentieth century American liberalism, Kenneth Stampp’s was engaged with the civil rights movement, Kathryn Sklar’s ideas were feminist (p. 72). In those times everything was like they African American people couldn’t be historians, because they only accepted white male Americans, also they were male chauvinist, women couldn’t be historians and not only that, they were excluded from everything, they didn’t have the right to vote, to be in the politics, work, they Jimenez 2 could not do anything. History is successful when it tells you how things where, the only thing that could take you there was the imagination, but now, with all the technology that we have, we even can make a picture or a sketch of how the things were. basing on the things that had been found also. One of the things that the historians did, they constantly criticize, correct and supplement other historian point of view, they get closer to the truth arguing with one another. Historiography reminds you that history is not a closed book, is a reminder that there is always something to argue in history, it make us think or see what was before everything, the changes that have been in the growth of America, politics changes, racial justice, sex, differences in the society, education, labor. There has been a notorious change or evolution on how America has change. There are four stages in which the writing of American history has passed: the providential, the rationalist, the nationalist and the professional. The providential history in the United States from the seventeenth and eighteenth, ministers and magistrates and wrote a made of form of providential history. The puritans who settled in the United States believed that they were chosen by god that led to the form of their history to a holy chronicle one. Puritans used this form of writing for all men anybody that believed in god. The rationalism, they were very different with the providential because they didn’t believed that they were only chosen by god, they believed that opinions or actions should act on reason and knowledge not on their religious belief. They were ruled by the natural law was the idea of Newton, Locke, and the French philosophers (p. 75). The rationalist Jimenez 3 historians were the educated class in the colonies, the new story they told was of progress and reason. most of the historians of the eighteenth century were layer-politicians, planter-aristocrats, merchants or professionals. Tomas Jefferson was influenced by this movement and later on write a book named Notes on the State of Virginia in 1785. This book allow to men to discover and pursue their destiny and believed that they were free. After that, no one was free from slavery. This proves that the history during the rationalism the politicians only tells you what you want to hear, like right now it happens the same, everything was and is only about wealth, power, rights. In nationalist history changed the fact that in this stage the women contributed and argue in theirs perspectives or points of view. historians of women rewrote the story of America from the beginning to the recent past. They did not give women a place in the existing narratives, they just reconceived whole fields of history. An example of the women historians were Hanna Adams, Susanna Rowson, Elizabeth Peabody, and Emma Willard (p. 76) The professional historians started by the middles class that became educated through college or university which became commonly to only white males. History became a profession and the only way to access was to practice it and be at a advanced level in the subject. Their high opinion on distinguish scientifically and prove the truth from a romantic notion. In this time we can see through what has passed American History and learned about the different changes that our history has had, and also this has help to have America Jimenez 4 how is it now. Right now we see the thing different, for example, women can vote, women can do a lot more things that they couldn’t in the past, there is no slavery, everyone is free and follow their dreams and conquer their goals and that’s a big change.

Factors Contributing to Obesity in Developed Countries Essay Example

Factors Contributing to Obesity in Developed Countries Essay Example Factors Contributing to Obesity in Developed Countries Essay Factors Contributing to Obesity in Developed Countries Essay When we are eating these things, we have many calories before we knew it. On the one hand, sugar, fat and salt can create many calories. While on the other hand, they made people to eat more than before. The second factors are the societal factors. World Health Organization (n. D. ) points out that with the development of economy, modernization and arbitration, people are moving toward increasing use of transport but doing less exercise. It is driving the obesity upwards. Nowadays, technology becomes more progressive. It means that lives of people become more invention, for example, they can go to work by bus or car rather than on foot. However, they lose chances to do exercise and use up their calories at the same time. Besides in all, increasingly competitive society makes people be affected by every aspect of pressure, so they dont have enough time to have a rest and play sport. Thompson (2009) states that people tend not to make smart food choices and create cortical which is known to increase appetite when they under pressure. It makes people eat and drink too much. The third factor is the cultural factor. Fast food has come popular and represents time efficiency and instant gratification. (Chin and Sanford, n. D. ) In the United States, people can pass at least five or six service stations, fast food restaurants, and convenience stores in less than a mile. (Women fitness , n. D. ) It means that if a person feels hungry, he or she will find a fast food restaurant firstly at a high risk. Life of fast rhythm in developed countries makes people busy and be willing to eating fast food for saving time. One possible solution is incorporating a balanced diet into ones life. According to a investigation that there re 34% obese people have an unbalanced diet and of them eat fast food more than 6 times a week. (tonight, 2012). TV (2012) also did an experiment using twins which have similar bodyweight and physical health that making twin sister eat food in high sugar, oil and fat, but another ate healthy food. During one day, the twin sister who ate unhealthy food intakes 4092 calories and gems fat, but another Just intakes calories and gems fat. It shows that people who have a balanced diet can amount of fatty and sugary foods in the diet and moving from saturated animal- eased fats. Meanwhile, the government should limit the development of fast food outlets, by controlling the amount of fast food restaurants, decreasing the advertisement time of them. As well as these societal factors, the main solution is doing more exercise, because 75% obese people dont exercise regularly. (tonight, 2012). Although many developed countries people are busy, they can save 30 minutes per day to play sports certainly if they are willing to. For example, giving up using their cars and take the lift, replacing by walking. Besides, doing exercise can also help reduce stress which is another societal factor. Because physical activity helps to bump up the production of your brains feel-good neurotransmitters, called endorphins which remove pain and press. (Sexton, 2008). In conclusion, the main factors of obesity in developed counties are unbalanced diet, lacking exercise, stress, and fast food culture. Possible solutions are building healthy life style that include eating healthily which would address the issued of an unbalanced diet, playing more sports which helps solve the lack of exercise and the relief of stress, and improving he management of government to challenge the fast food culture.

Outlining Simple Homework Guidelines for K-8 Teachers

Outlining Simple Homework Guidelines for K-8 Teachers Homework; the term elicits a myriad of responses. Students are naturally opposed to the idea of homework. No student ever says, â€Å"I wish my teacher would assign me more homework.†Ã‚  Most students begrudge homework and find any opportunity or possible excuse to avoid doing it. Educators themselves are split on the issue. Many teachers assign daily homework seeing it as a way to further develop and reinforce core academic skills, while also teaching students responsibility.  Other educators refrain from assigning daily homework. They view it as unnecessary overkill that often leads to frustration and causes students to resent school and learning altogether.   Parents are also divided on whether or not they welcome homework.  Those who welcome it see it as an opportunity for their children to reinforce critical learning skills. Those who loathe it see it as an infringement of their child’s time.  They say it takes away from extra-curricular activities, play time, family time, and also adds unnecessary stress. Research on the topic is also inconclusive. You can find research that strongly supports the benefits of assigning regular homework, some that denounce it as having zero benefits, with most reporting that assigning homework offers some positive benefits, but also can be detrimental in some areas. The Effects of Homework Since opinions vary so drastically, coming to a consensus on homework is nearly impossible.  We sent a survey out to parents of a school regarding the topic, asking parents these two basic questions: How much time is your child spending working on homework each night?Is this amount of time too much, too little, or just right? The responses varied significantly. In one 3rd grade class with 22 students, the responses regarding how much time their child spends on homework each night had an alarming disparity.  The lowest amount of time spent was 15 minutes, while the largest amount of time spent was 4 hours.  Everyone else fell somewhere in between.  When discussing this with the teacher, she told me that she sent home the same homework for every child and was blown away by the vastly different ranges in time spent completing it.  The answers to the second question aligned with the first.  Almost every class had similar, varying results making it really difficult to gauge where we should go as a school regarding homework. While reviewing and studying my school’s homework policy and the results of the aforementioned survey, I discovered a few important revelations about homework that I think anyone looking at the topic would benefit from: 1. Homework should be clearly defined. Homework is not unfinished classwork that the student is required to take home and complete. Homework is â€Å"extra practice† given to take home to reinforce concepts that they have been learning in class.  It is important to note that teachers should always give students time in class under their supervision to complete class work. Failing to give them an appropriate amount of class time increases their workload at home.  More importantly, it does not allow the teacher to give immediate feedback to the student as to whether or not they are doing the assignment correctly.  What good does it do if a student completes an assignment if they are doing it all incorrectly?  Teachers must find a way to let parents know what assignments are homework and which ones are classwork that they did not complete. 2. The amount of time required to complete the same homework assignment varies significantly from student to student.  This speaks to personalization. I have always been a big fan of customizing homework to fit each individual student.  Blanket homework is more challenging for some students than it is for others. Some fly through it, while others spend excessive amounts of time completing it.  Differentiating homework will take some additional time for teachers in regards to preparation, but it will ultimately be more beneficial for students. The National Education Association recommends that students be given 10-20 minutes of homework each night and an additional 10 minutes per advancing grade level. The following chart adapted from the National Education Associations recommendations can be used as a resource for teachers in Kindergarten through the 8th grade. Grade Level Recommended Amount of Homework Per Night Kindergarten 5 – 15 minutes 1st Grade 10 – 20 minutes 2nd Grade 20 – 30 minutes 3rd Grade 30 – 40 minutes 4th Grade 40 – 50 minutes 5th Grade 50 – 60 minutes 6th Grade 60 – 70 minutes 7th Grade 70 – 80 minutes 8th Grade 80 – 90 minutes It can be difficult for teachers to gauge how much time students need to complete an assignment. The following charts serve to streamline this process as it breaks down the average time it takes for students to complete a single problem in a variety of subject matter for common assignment types. Teachers should consider this information when assigning homework. While it may not be accurate for every student or assignment, it can serve as a starting point when calculating how much time students need to complete an assignment. It is important to note that in grades where classes are departmentalized it is important that all teachers are on the same page as the totals in the chart above is the recommended amount of total homework per night and not just for a single class. Kindergarten – 4th Grade (Elementary Recommendations) Assignment Estimated Completion Time Per Problem Single Math Problem 2 minutes English Problem 2 minutes Research Style Questions (i.e. Science) 4 minutes Spelling Words – 3x each 2 minutes per word Writing a Story 45 minutes for 1-page Reading a Story 3 minutes per page Answering Story Questions 2 minutes per question Vocabulary Definitions 3 minutes per definition *If students are required to write the questions, then you will need to add 2 additional minutes per problem. (i.e. 1-English problem requires 4 minutes if students are required to write the sentence/question.) 5th – 8th Grade (Middle School Recommendations) Assignment Estimated Completion Time Per Problem Single-Step Math Problem 2 minutes Multi-Step Math Problem 4 minutes English Problem 3 minutes Research Style Questions (i.e. Science) 5 minutes Spelling Words – 3x each 1 minutes per word 1 Page Essay 45 minutes for 1-page Reading a Story 5 minutes per page Answering Story Questions 2 minutes per question Vocabulary Definitions 3 minutes per definition *If students are required to write the questions, then you will need to add 2 additional minutes per problem. (i.e. 1-English problem requires 5 minutes if students are required to write the sentence/question.) Assigning Homework Example It is recommended that 5th graders have 50-60 minutes of homework per night. In a self-contained class, a teacher assigns 5 multi-step math problems, 5 English problems, 10 spelling words to be written 3x each, and 10 science definitions on a particular night. Assignment Average Time Per Problem # of Problems Total Time Multi-Step Math 4 minutes 5 20 minutes English Problems 3 minutes 5 15 minutes Spelling Words – 3x 1 minute 10 10 minutes Science Definitions 3 minutes 5 15 minutes Total Time on Homework: 60 minutes 3. There are a few critical academic skill builders that students should be expected to do every night or as needed. Teachers should also consider these things. However, they may or may not, be factored into the total time to complete homework. Teachers should use their best judgment to make that determination: Independent Reading – 20-30 minutes per dayStudy for Test/Quiz - variesMultiplication Math Fact Practice (3-4) – varies - until facts are masteredSight Word Practice (K-2) – varies - until all lists are mastered 4. Coming to a general consensus regarding homework is almost impossible.  School leaders must bring everyone to the table, solicit feedback, and come up with a plan that works best for the majority.  This plan should be reevaluated and adjusted continuously. What works well for one school may not necessarily be the best solution for another.