Project Complete Duration By Using Network Diagram Construction Essay

Project Complete Duration By Using Network Diagram Construction Essay Time of activity is calculated in forward pass and backward pass to determine float. Forward pass (earliest start + duration = earliest finish) to calculates earliest event time of activity which estimates project complete time for example; activity F earliest finish days are 18 (14 + 4). Latest event time of activity is calculated in backward pass (latest finish duration = latest start) to determine activity in critical path and with float such as activity H latest start day are 20 (22 2). Total float = Latest finish Earliest start Duration. For example, float for activity C is 3 days (12 days 6 days -3 days) Activity A to Q is calculated in a forward pass; therefore project duration is 47 days (Table 1). Critical path are activity with zero float such as activity B (6 days 4 days 2 days) base on above formula and others activities. Below are the activities in critical path. Project will compete on 12 April 2011 which is calculated in a forward pass with 5 days working week exclude Saturday and Sunday (Table 2). For example, project start on 7 February 2011, activity A project duration is 4 days, therefore activity A will finish at 10 February 2011. a) 1 day delay during activity F, project still complete on 47 days due to activity F have 4 days float. Even thought delay 1 day, activity F still got 3 days float (4 days 1 days = 3 days). b) Activity P falls under critical path which mean activity with zero float. Therefore 1 day delay will increase project complete date from original 47 days to 48 days (47 days + 1 days delay = 48 days). c) Activity Q is last activity. Activity Q also is an activity with zero float and on critical path. Conclusion, 1 day delay in activity Q will delay whole project complete date by 1 day. Then new project complete date will be 48 days in state of 47days. Question 6 Project complete duration can be estimate by using network diagram. It helps project manager to monitor project easier base on duration of each activity. In other words, it helps manager to estimate the earliest time for activities to start and finish. On other hand it also helps to predict latest start and finish time for the activities to complete whole project without delay. Furthermore, network diagram is link among each activity, it provide clear picture on how each activity perform in project and on critical path which may influence project duration if there is any delay. Besides, it saves research time and speed out the time to solve the problem which helps to avoid delay in project. Moreover, activities in network diagram are depending of their completion means activity A must finish before activity B start. Each activity needs different time and resources to complete its part. Thus project manager able to allocate and fully utilize each activity time and resources with limited time and resources given. Network diagram show the activities in critical path. Base on this information, project manager able to forecast and monitor on those activities fall in critical path properly to avoid any delay during the project. In case of delay, project manager able to plan the necessary step to backup the activity delay so the project will complete on time. Base on network diagram, project manager able to make a decision whether project should speed out to save costs because of the shorter duration to complete or there is any opportunity costs while speeds out process take part. According to this, project manager able to monitor the budget with actual cost in each activity to avoid over budget from the project which may affect project future profit. (636 word) Appendix Reference http://tutor2u.net/business/production/critical-path-analysis.htm (view on 9/9/10 8:42am) http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_purpose_of_a_network_diagram (view on 2/9/10 1:36pm) http://hadm.sph.sc.edu/courses/j716/cpm/cpm.html (view 9/9/10 9:01am) Mike Field and Laurie Keller (1998) Project Management The Open University, UK University of Sunderland (2005) SIM355 Managing Project, Version 2.0 The University of Sunderland, UK Date: 4th October 2010 To: Board of Directors From: Project Manager of Opening New Showroom in West England Reference: A report submitted to Board of Director of Cooper and Cooper on feasibility stage Project Management Preview of Opening New Showroom for 150,000sqm. Executive Summary Project management team had been tasked with the responsibilities to handle the project of Cooper and Cooper with objective to open new customized showroom which include workshop, administration office, luxury motor vehicles display and allow trading in buying and selling luxury customized vehicles. Project life cycle is used by project manager during project period to determine each stage in project life cycle is follow accordingly. Those stages are concept stage, development stage, implementation stage and terminal stage. By undertaking feasibility study, project manager develop a business case, establish goal and objective of Copper and Cooper at concept stage. STEEP analysis is use to focus on factors should aware before project start. Team member include team leader has appointed. In development stage, project plan has been created. It also includes financial plan by estimate total costs of the project and payback period. In addition, work breakdown structure has been created which helps in resources, quality, communication and procurement plan. Major categories risk has been determine and risk management model is use to manage risk. Implementation stage more concern about how project manager control and monitor whole project when it has been started. Motivation of team member is essential key during the project. Therefore leadership style help team member and project manager motivate team member. Project is complete at terminal stage and review of project has been done. Opening ceremony, trading and operation of new base is ready. Project manager and team member will be a consultant and relocated. List of Table Table 1: Stakeholder expectation to company 13 Table 2: STEEP analyses 15 Table 3: Work breakdown structure 16 Table 5: Prioritizing Potential Risks 18 Table 6: Estimate operation costs for the project 19 List of Chart Page 1 of 46 1 Page 7 of 46 2 Table of Contents List of Table 10 List of Chart 10 1.0INTRODUCTION 12 1.1Background of Cooper and Cooper 12 1.2Project Life Cycle 13 2.0CONCEPT STAGE 13 2.1Goal and Objective 13 2.2STEEP analysis 15 2.3Renovation and Security 16 2.4New Employment 16 3.0DEVELOPMENT STAGE 16 3.1Work Breakdown Structure 16 3.2Risk Categories 17 3.3Risk Management 18 3.4Risk Monitoring 18 3.5Cost Estimate 19 4.0IMPLEMENTATION STAGE 20 4.1Responding to risk 20 4.2Report Frequently 21 4.3Monitoring and Controlling 21 4.4Leadership and Motivation 22 4.5Managing and Administrating 23 4.6Approval from stakeholders 24 5.0TERMINATION STAGE 24 5.1Showroom preparation 24 5.2Open ceremony 24 5.3 Review and relocate team member 24 6.0CONCLUSION 25 APPENDIX 25 REFERENCE 45 Task 2 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to determine ability of the project management team to handle the project with objective to open new customized showroom which include workshop, administration office, motor vehicles display area, customer parking lots and associated landscaping. Background of Cooper and Cooper Automobile company normally faces the challenge on provides best product to customer which really met their requirement. Cooper and Cooper (CC) are company mainly focuses on customization of high quality motor vehicles such as Mercedes, Ferrari, Lamborghini, BMW and Range Rover. Currently, they have 1 base in the south West of England and had acquisition new additional base of 150,000sq meters to build a custom showroom that allow trading in buying and selling luxury customized vehicles. Project Life Cycle Project manager use project life cycle (PLC) to defined planning methodology which include goal setting, define costs, establish time and project controlling. PLC comprises four stages: concept, development, implementation and terminal (Chart 5 in appendix). CONCEPT STAGE Goal and Objective Goal and objective of company may create motivation and focus performance. Therefore effective objective must be specific, measurable, agreed, realistic and time limited (SMART). In addition, other objectives such as customer and employee satisfaction and ethical practices will increase value of company in long term (Table 1). Table 1: Stakeholder expectation to company Stakeholder Expectation from company shareholder Return on dividend base on money invest employee yearly salary increment and bonus government tax computation base on profit generate supplier Continue supplier and payment on time customer Services satisfaction Therefore, preproject evaluation should be use to monitor project objective and overall strategy of the CC. Chart 1 below shows world yearly production of motor vehicles. According to this table, CC goal is to achieve 25% of the selling luxury customize motor vehicles base on car production in UK and achieve sustainable growth of 20% annually. Chart 1: World motor vehicle production (source: http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/) (For a breakdown of production by country in the world, refer Table 8 in appendix) Most of companies determine selling price as a cost + profit but hereby non-cost principle: selling price cost = profit are better way for CC to determine the selling price. Reasonable and acceptable selling price will help to stay competitive. Lean management is the way to create a sustainable continual improvement strategy and goal. STEEP analysis Besides internet factors that influence by both shareholder and stakeholder, CC should focus on external factor that may affect project by using STEEP analyses before open new base which shows table 2 below: Table 2: STEEP analyses Social Increase population life style by create more job opportunity and more income Technologies Aware of rapid technologies change in environment which will affect productivity Economy Increase in life style, gross domestic production (GDP) will increase therefore economy of nation, company and employee of company will increase Ecological Better living environment such as improve in transportation, education and etc Political Aware on changes in government policies such as health and safety law for employee (Table 9 in appendix ) Renovation and Security Showroom design will create right mood for customer to purchase motor vehicles. Thus renovation is an essential sales tool. Furthermore, security of showroom is major concern with valuable motor vehicles display so security alarm system such as CCTV and infrared for night security should be installed. Table 10 in appendix shows the detail costs for renovation and estimate will complete in one year for date of commission. New Employment New head of project and departments such as engineering, customer services and etc should be employed to run new base daily activities. Therefore this showroom will provide employment for 60 people. Project team leader should be appointed to specially take care of each part of the activities base on their experience and skill. DEVELOPMENT STAGE Work Breakdown Structure Once concept stage had been approved by related parties and new team leader had been employed. Team leader will monitor and control their team activities on below work structure. Therefore project schedule can map out and cost able to estimate after completion of work breakdown structure (WBS). WBS also helps to identify risk of the project too. Table 3: Work breakdown structure Project Manager Renovation Finance Security Marketing and customer services HR and Admin Engineering Customize Decoration Sale Facilities Invoices Electrical Services Purchasing Customer research Entrance Receive Plumbing Recruitment Customer complain Cost Interior design Events show Payment Risk Categories Once work had been allocated, we need to categories type of the risk. Table 4 in below show the categories of risk which may face during project period: Table 4: Major categories of risk (source: SIM335 Managing project, UOS (2005)) Risk category Example Technical Fail to change and get information regarding new technology, design error or omissions Environment Culture of organization such as same model of motor vehicles not accept by all population in the world Financial Cash flow problem, budget cuts and corporate unpredictability Resources Specialize skill people and equipment not available Human Lack motivation for employee will increase human error, personality conflict and miscommunication Logistical Material supplier problem such as shortest in material or excess credit limit and period Government Different government policies for different countries and change in rules and regulation Market Motor vehicles model fail to meet customer requirement and competitor produce new motor vehicle with meet customer requirement Risk Management Risk categories had defined, risk management model is the way to manage risk (Table 11 in appendix). According to risk management, objective of project need to define then only able to identify potential risk and monitor whether impact of the risk to such project. Example, logistical risk will affect project duration in case lack material for renovation. This logistical risk can be preventing by sign contract with supplier to confirm they will supply sufficient material when there is shortage. Furthermore payment period and credit limit should monitor properly to avoid excess limit given by supplier. Logistical risk can be avoided by sign contract with supply. Thus this risk had transfer to supplier. Risk Monitoring Whole team member should work together to report, monitor and plan the risk when they find that potential risk rise. Potential risk event will impact project costs, time and scope. As a result, project costs will increase; time will extent and scope of business will be limited. Therefore prioritizing potential risks (Table 5) is useful to assessing risk on impact and ability to influence whole project. Table 5: Prioritizing Potential Risks High impact: Low ability to influence High impact: High ability to influence Low impact: Low ability to influence Low impact: High ability to influence Impact Ability to influence Site plan for new base should be submit to government department to get approval before renovation start. Equipment and material such as engine for motor vehicle should be purchase table 12 in appendix shows how purchasing procedure should be done. Cost Estimate In reality, most of the shareholders are concern with when can they get back their money after invest to this project. Table 6 below is the simple calculation on payback period for the equipment purchase. Base on below table; estimate payback period for project is 7 years because of the positives cumulative cash flow. Estimate costs for cash outflow are the operation cost incurred at initial of project (year 0) and there is no other additional cash. Cash inflow is the cash receive from the sales generate. Table 6: Estimate operation costs for the project IMPLEMENTATION STAGE Responding to risk According to risk categories and management in development stage, risk responsibility of stakeholders should take into consideration (Table 7). Table 7: Respond to risk (source: SIM335 Managing project, UOS (2005)) Risk respond Description Risk Reduction Deduce risk by hire lack experience employment. Risk Transfer Transfer risk to thirty parties by sign contract or agreement Risk Acceptance Accept risk rather plan it due to low impact Political risk cannot neither be reduce or transfer but only can be accept even thought impact is high Mitigating risk Reduce risk before event happen such as well maintain on technologies All project team member moves to site on this stage and project team leader should take care of their part to make sure project will complete as plan. Orientation given to all team members to make sure they know the procedure and activities they involve. Report Frequently Weekly meeting will conduct on every Monday morning for each team leader to participate on the status of their activity and problem facing. Problem will bring out to find the better solution to solve without delay project completion. Monitoring and Controlling Chart 2: Monitoring and controlling process (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monitoring_and_Controlling_Process_Group_Processes.jpg ) Project comparing planned outcome and actual outcome will be done on the meeting and ongoing project evaluation according to process flow in chart 2. This is to make sure actual cost of work perform will not exceed budgeted cost of work perform by 10% maximum and measure the status of the project. Submission of changes request form (table 13 in appendix) and project communication form (table 14 in appendixes) is compulsory in case of changes during the project. This is to monitor and control project quality and resources Leadership and Motivation Project Manager should ensure employment motivation during project period. Therefore Maslows hierarchy of needs will help to increase motivation (Chart 3) Chart 3: Maslows hierarchy of Needs (Source: http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/hierarchyneeds.htm) Leader is the essential for increase motivation because leader role is to get things done and drive change through team member. Leadership styles as show in chart 4 below: Chart 4: Leadership style (source: http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadstl.html) (For details of leadership styles, refer table 15 in appendix) Managing and Administrating Renovation such as floor, roof, stairs and external works undertake as per design which follow government rules and regulation. Electrical, gas and light installed after completion of ceiling renovation. Furniture and fitting, office equipment such as air-conditional and workshop facilities had been purchase and fix accordingly. Workshop and office area constructed at estimated size of 35,000sqm. High quality vehicles will display in showroom therefore showroom facilities and interior decoration done at estimated size of 95,000sqm. The balance 20,000sqm will as a parking lot for customer during entrance to showroom. Completions of showroom pass to shareholder and stakeholder to review and approved. Corrections actions will be done as per shareholder and stakeholder requirement. Approval from stakeholders After approval from stakeholder and shareholder base on renovation done, event team prepare for showroom opening ceremony. Motor vehicles will move in and display as per plan and design. Reconfirm all had been done and complete as per plan by using checklist (Table 16 in appendix). TERMINATION STAGE Showroom preparation 1 manager, 3 sales assistants and 2 administration assistant staffs will be employed as an operations team for the showroom. Showroom need to obtain Certificate of fitness from government agencies before start trading. Showroom operation hours are determined according to healthy and safety act. Open ceremony List down guest name for shareholder and stakeholder to decide who will be inviting for opening ceremony and sent out the invitation card to ceremony. All documents for project will be update and filling before signing off and finalist project. Review and relocate team member Project completion evaluation must be done to confirm completion of project by using project checklist (table 16 in appendix) and wait for opening ceremony. Once opening ceremony done, showroom can start to operate and trading for luxury customized vehicles. Project manager and team will base on Cooper and Cooper for at least six month after showroom open for consultation. CONCLUSION This report shows the purpose of the Cooper and Cooper to have new base. Project life cycle used to determine how project should conduct. At the concept stage of project life cycle, internal and external factors should be concern. Goal and objective, costs for renovation are determined. Development stage mention team leader and their member work base on work breakdown structure. Way to identify risk and necessary step should be taken for that potential risk. Implementation stage is the actual renovation work start in showroom and related equipment purchase. Correction step taken upon shareholder and stakeholder requirement. Termination stage is confirm project had completed and preparation for opening ceremony. Project manager and team member will relocate. (2064 words) APPENDIX Chart 5: Project life cycle (source: http://www.mpmm.com/project-management-methodology.php) Concept stage Development stage Implementation stage Terminal stage Table 8: Breakdown of production by country in the world (Source: http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/) Country Cars Commercial vehicles Total % change Argentina 380,067 132,857 512,924 -14.10% Australia 188,158 39,125 227,283 -31.00% Austria 56,620 15,714 72,334 -52.20% Belgium 524,595 12,510 537,354 -25.80% Brazil 2,576,628 605,989 3,182,617 -1.00% Canada 822,267 668,365 1,490,632 -28.40% China 10,383,831 3,407,163 13,790,994 48.30% Czech Rep. 967,760 6,809 974,569 3.00% Egypt 60,249 32,090 92,339 -23.00% Finland 10,907 64 10,971 -38.70% France 1,819,462 228,196 2,047,658 -20.30% Germany 4,964,523 245,334 5,209,857 -13.80% Hungary 180,500 2,040 182,540 -47.30% India 2,166,238 466,456 2,632,694 12.90% Indonesia 352,172 112,644 464,816 -22.60% Iran 1,359,520 35,901 1,395,421 9.50% Italy 661,100 182,139 843,239 -17.60% Japan 6,862,161 1,072,355 7,934,516 -31.50% Malaysia 447,002 42,267 489,269 -7.80% Mexico 942,876 618,176 1,561,052 -28.00% Netherlands 50,620 25,981 76,601 -42.20% Poland 819,000 65,133 884,133 -7.10% Portugal 101,680 24,335 126,015 -28.10% Romania 279,320 17,178 296,498 20.90% Russia 595,839 126,592 722,431 -59.60% Serbia 8,720 1,355 10,075 -13.40% Slovakia 461,340 461,340 -19.90% Slovenia 202,570 10,179 212,749 7.50% South Africa 222,981 150,942 373,923 -33.60% South Korea 3,158,417 354,509 3,512,926 -8.20% Spain 1,812,688 357,390 2,170,078 -14.60% Sweden 128,738 27,600 156,338 -49.30% Taiwan 183,986 42,370 226,356 23.70% Thailand 313,442 685,936 999,378 -28.30% Turkey 510,931 358,674 869,605 -24.20% Ukraine 65,646 3,649 69,295 -83.60% UK 999,460 90,679 1,090,139 -33.90% USA 2,246,470 3,462,382 5,708,852 -34.30% Uzbekistan 110,200 7,700 117,900 -43.30% Supplementary 302,450 110,109 412,559 -22.40% Total 47,952,995 13,761,694 61,714,689 -12.80% Table 9: Summary of Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulation 1992 UK lay down minimum standards for workplace and work in or near building (source: www.cipd.co.uk) Employers duties and obligation to provide health and safety working environment for their employee Publish a health and safety policy Arrange for the appointment of health and safety representatives Establish a health and safety committee if requested by a recognized trade union Appoint a competent person to evaluate risks and hazards Arrange periodic risk assessment Consult with employee health and safety representatives Present and inform employee of risks and combat risks at sources Arrange protection from unavoidable risks Provide health-risk surveillance and safety training Provide safety training Monitor and improve safety arrangements Comply with the updated provision concerning healthy and safety posters and leaflets Adopt work to the individual especially with respect to the design of workplaces Alleviate monotonous work and develop a prevention policy Appoint one or more competent persons to assist in undertaking preventative and protective measures Establish procedures to be followed in the event of serious and imminent danger to persons working in the company Require person at work who are exposed to serious and imminent danger to be informed of the nature of the hazards and steps taken to protect them Table 10: Cost breakdown for renovation and security alarm system (source: www.davislangdon.com) Cost Breakdown Total cost ( £)  £/à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡(gifa) % Substructure 114,000 85.07 6.12 Excavation and disposal off-site: 320à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡25 Ground slab, footings, column bases, filling to levels: 1,060à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡100 Frame and upper floors 113,400 84.63 6.08 Structural steelwork; UB and UC sections: 55tn @  ¿Ã‚ ¡1,600 Suspended concrete floor on permanent formwork: 280à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡80 Fire protection to steelwork: Item @  ¿Ã‚ ¡3,000 Roof 73,900 55.15 3.97 Aluminium standing seam roof cladding, including purlins, trims, cappings, insulation: 1,190à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡50 Upstands: Item @  ¿Ã‚ ¡2,000 Mansafe system: 165m @  ¿Ã‚ ¡75 Stairs 11,000 8.21 0.59 Precast concrete staircase handrails and balustrades: 2 nr @  ¿Ã‚ ¡5,500 External walls, windows and doors 291,000 217.16 15.61 Structural bonded glass to frontage with silicone joints and support, including automatic bi-parting entrance doors: 310à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡500 Coated aluminium double-glazed window system: 150à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡375 Aluminium louvres to glass frontage 1,500 projection; including support and brackets: 90à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡300 Entrance door for vehicles as integral part of glazing walling, including ironmongery and trimming: 2 nr @  ¿Ã‚ ¡4,500 Aluminium composite micro-rib profile wall cladding to sides and rear of showroom: 400à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡80 Steel fire escape doors: 3 nr @  ¿Ã‚ ¡900 Inner leaf of 140 block work: 200à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡45 Internal walls and partitions 68,400 51.04 3.67 Metal stud partitions to showrooms including support, up to 8m high: 320à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡65 Metal stud partitions including skim finish to offices, to 3m high: 300à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡45 Plasterboard including skim finish to external walls: 400à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡20 Proprietary glazed partitions: 100à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡225 Disabled WC cubicles: 2 nr @  ¿Ã‚ ¡800 WC cubicles: 4 nr @  ¿Ã‚ ¡50 Wall finishes 9,800 7.31 0.53 Emulsion paint finish to walls: 1,600à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡5 Vinyl wall lining or similar: 40à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡45 Floor finishes 114,300 85.30 6.13 Reinforced screeds to showrooms; 100 thick: 800à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡25 Screeds to common areas; 75 thick: 540à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡15 Ceramic floor tiles to showroom areas, including skirtings: 800à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡85 Carpet tiling to office and circulation areas: 450à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡20 Softwood skirtings: 300m @  ¿Ã‚ ¡8 Non-slip vinyl flooring to WC, including coved skirtings: 90à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡35 Entrance matting: 12à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡300 Ceiling finishes 45,200 33.73 2.43 Plasterboard suspended ceiling on concealed grid: 920à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡40 Mineral fibre suspended ceiling: 420à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡20

Marcus Brutus

Marcus Junius Brutus was the son of Marcus Junius Brutus the Elder and Servilia Caepionis. His father was killed by Pompey the Great in dubious circumstances after he had taken part in the rebellion of Lepidus; his mother was the half-sister of Cato the Younger, and later became Julius Caesar's mistress. [2] Some sources refer to the possibility of Caesar being his real father,[3] but this is unlikely since Caesar was 15 at the time of Brutus' birth. Brutus' uncle, Quintus Servilius Caepio, adopted him when he was a young man and Brutus was known as Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus for an unknown period of time. Brutus held his uncle in high regard[4] and his political career started when he became an assistant to Cato, during his governorship of Cyprus. [5] During this time, he enriched himself by lending money at high rates of interest. He returned to Rome a rich man, where he married Claudia Pulchra. [6] From his first appearance in the Senate, Brutus aligned with the Optimates (the conservative faction) against the First Triumvirate of Marcus Licinius Crassus, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Gaius Julius Caesar. [edit] Senate career When civil war broke out in 49 BC between Pompey and Caesar, Brutus followed his old enemy and present leader of the Optimates, Pompey. When the Battle of Pharsalus began, Caesar ordered his officers to take him prisoner if he gave himself up voluntarily, and if he persisted in fighting against capture, to let him alone and do him no violence. [7] After the disaster of the battle of Pharsalus, Brutus wrote to Caesar with apologies and Caesar immediately forgave him. In his letter Brutus declared he was a strong supporter of democracy and continually pushed it throughout the letter. citation needed] Caesar accepted him into his inner circle and made him governor of Gaul when he left for Africa in pursuit of Cato and Metellus Scipio. In 45 BC, Caesar nominated Brutus to serve as urban praetor for the following year. Also, in June 45 BC, Brutus divorced his wife and married his first cousin, Porcia Catonis, Cato's daughter. [8][9] According to Cicero the marriage caused a semi-scandal as Brutus failed to state a valid reason for his divorce from Claudia other than he wished to marry Porcia. [10] The marriage also caused a rift between Brutus and his mother, who resented the affection Brutus had for Porcia. 11] [edit] Conspiracy to kill Caesar Main article: Assassination of Julius Caesar Death of Caesar by Vincenzo Camuccini Around this time, many senators began to fear Caesar's growing power following his appointment as dictator for life. [12] Brutus was persuaded into joining the conspiracy against Caesar by the other senators[13]. (In William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, he also discovers messages written on the busts of his ancestors, which have been forged by Cassius to make Brutus feel as if he were doing the right thing for Rome. This, however, may just be dramatic license on the part of Shakespeare. There is no real evidence that Cassius ever planted phony notes. ) Eventually, Brutus decided to move against Caesar after Caesar's king-like behavior prompted him to take action. [14] [15] His wife was the only woman privy to the plot. [16][17] The conspirators planned to carry out their plot on the Ides of March (March 15) that same year. On that day, Caesar was delayed going to the Senate because his wife, Calpurnia Pisonis, tried to convince him not to go. [18] The conspirators feared the plot had been found out. 19] Brutus persisted, however, waiting for Caesar at the Senate, and allegedly still chose to remain even when a messenger brought him news that would otherwise have caused him to leave. [20] When Caesar finally did come to the Senate, they attacked him. Publius Servilius Casca was allegedly the first to attack Caesar with a blow to the shoulder, which Caesar blocked. [21] However, upon seeing Brutus was with the conspirators, he covered his face with his toga and resigned himself to his fate. [22] The conspirators attacked in such numbers that they even wounded one another. Brutus is said to have been wounded in the hand. [23][24] [edit] After Caesar's assassination Marcus Junius Brutus After the assassination, the Senate passed an amnesty on the assassins. This amnesty was proposed by Caesar's friend and co-consul Marcus Antonius. Nonetheless, uproar among the population caused Brutus and the conspirators to leave Rome. Brutus settled in Crete from 44 to 42 BC. [citation needed] In 43 BC, after Octavian received his consulship from the Roman Senate, one of his first actions was to have the people that had assassinated Julius Caesar declared murderers and enemies of the state. 25] Marcus Tullius Cicero, angry at Octavian, wrote a letter to Brutus explaining that the forces of Octavian and Mark Antony were divided. Antony had laid siege to the province of Gaul, where he wanted a governorship. In response to this siege, Octavian rallied his troops and fought a series of battles in which Antony was defeated. [26] Upon hearing that neither Antony nor Octavian had an army big enough to defend Rome, Brutus rallied his troops, which totaled about 17 legions. When Octavian heard that Brutus was on his way to Rome, he made peace with Antony. 27] Their armies, which together totaled about 19 legions, marched to meet Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus. The following battles are known as the Battle of Philippi. The First Battle of Philippi was fought on October 3, 42 BC, in which Brutus defeated Octavian's forces, although Cassius was defeated by Antony's forces. The Second Battle of Philippi was fought on October 23, 42 BC and ended in Brutus' defeat. After the defeat, he fled into the nearby hills with only about four legions. Knowing his army had been defeated and that he would be captured, Brutus committed suicide. Among his last words were, according to Plutarch, â€Å"By all means must we fly; not with our feet, however, but with our hands. † Brutus also uttered the well-known verse calling down a curse upon Antony (Plutarch repeats this from the memoirs of Publius Volumnius): Forget not, Zeus, the author of these crimes (in the Dryden translation this passage is given as Punish, great Jove, the author of these ills). [28] Plutarch wrote that, according to Volumnius, Brutus repeated two verses, but Volumnius was only able to recall the one quoted. Antony, as a show of great respect, ordered Brutus' body to be wrapped in Antony's most expensive purple mantle (this was later stolen and Antony had the thief executed). Brutus was cremated, and his ashes were sent to his mother, Servilia Caepionis. [29] His wife Porcia was reported to have committed suicide upon hearing of her husband's death, although, according to Plutarch (Brutus 53 para 2), there is some dispute as to whether this is the case: Plutarch states that there is a letter in existence that was allegedly written by Brutus mourning the manner of her death.

My Best Friend

â€Å"Some people come into our lives and quickly go. Some stay for a while and leave footprints on our hearts. And we are never ever the same† (Unknown). What is a â€Å"best friend†? Almost everyone has one, and almost everyone is one. There’s something about a best friend that cannot be duplicated. Everyone has their own definition of what their own best friend is like and what an impact he or she has made in their life. In this essay I would like to take a better look at some of the simple things that we might take for granted when we think of our best friends. A best friend is a title held for the few and privileged.The term cannot be thrown around loosely. Not just anyone can be called your best friend. A best friend has to first meet several qualifications and have many outstanding characteristics to have the honor of holding such a prestigious title. Being a best friend is more than someone that you’ve seen everyday and grown up with. A best friend can be someone with whom you’ve known since childhood but can also be someone that you’ve just met, and similar to â€Å"love at first sight,† you just click with. The true definition of a best friend is someone that knows you inside Do you have a true best friend?I sure do. _____ is truly my best friend. She is always there for me. She knows everything about me; even my secrets. I can’t keep anything from her! She is the person who will help me when I am down, turn my frown upside-down, and make me feel better about myself. I can’t imagine any better of a friend. I love her more than anything and I would die for her. Megan and I are always together; no matter where we are! We go to places like the mall and movies, to the mountains and lakes! Together we go most everywhere! A few days ago we got Pose pictures together! We always go shopping My Best Friend My best friend Everybody always has friend or friendship. There are a lot of kinds of friends. We have friends, close friends and best friends. It is said a friend needs to be a good friend but it hard to find a best friend. Best friends need to know about certain qualities of each other. Best friends are always there for you when you’re down or having problems. A best friend is the person you can always rely on for anything no matter what. Best friends stick up for you even if you are wrong. Best friends have equal honesty for one another. There is no lie between two friends is just together.The last few years, I was in my country, I had one best friend. He is a nice person who I spent a lot of my time with. I spend a lot time with him more than another friend. I noticed he was the best friend for me. He was always truthful to me in everything that I told him. He never hesitates or confirm me what I did. He would always support and help me all the time. We never lie to each o ther. Sometime, someone asked him â€Å"why you always trust your friend all the time and anything? † Maybe, they were jealous of me because I had such a good friend in him.A best friend is a friend who spends more time than anyone together. He always went anywhere where I needed to go. I always ask him to go with me all the time. He never refused my request, even at night or when he was very busy. We always hang out together after school. We had fun together during we spent time together. He always told fun stories to me all the time. His stories were always fiction stories; what he had imagined by himself, but they were always little bit crazy and funny. I like to spent time with him more than other friend. Releted essay –  An Empty Purse Frightens Away FriendsI never took care of him at all. It may have not fair to him. He might think he wasted his time when he spent time with me. He could not do whatever he wants for himself. He might need his time with another friend. He is a kind person. He always helps me when I had problems. I always talk about my problems to him when I didn’t know how to solve it. He never leaves me alone. Sometime, I didn’t have enough money to buy something, he always share his money to me. Other way, I need to give back to him because I thought best friend never want something from another one.We need to help together when we have problems. It might hurt another one’s feeling who was his friend, and he could not do anything with them. A best friend is the best relationship between two peoples. There is need to do something and helping together. It can be happiness or give hand to another one. It cans honesty and trusts together wh en we do something and don’t lie to another one. Best friend can make us have fun and happiness in our life. It is the best memory when we thinking about our friend. My Best Friend My Best Friend Everyone has memorable experiences. It could be happiness, sadness, or tragedy. Of course I have memorable experiences. It must be the one who was involved in those cases. She is my best friend, Febri Afifah. I really admire her because she is very humble and helpful. I have many experiences with her. Because of that, I really know about her kindness and badness. In this essay, I will talk about her who was involved in one of my memorable experiences. Our relationship is always good.It might be because she is very patient with me, although I often made her disappointed. I have known her since I was a child. My house is close to hers, she is my neighbor. Her childhood was not as lucky as me, but she never gave up and she always looks happy. Unfortunately, she never went to kindergarten. At that time, her family did not have enough money to pay school fee. They spend their money to treat her mother. Her mother got an accident that made her legs could not run normally.Whe n I went to elementary school, she went to elementary school too. But we studied at the different school. Returning from school I played with her at my house, sometimes we studied together. We grew up together and we always have unforgettable experiences day by day. I remember, at that time we went to her new house. The traffic was jammed and we had to crossing the road. When we were crossing the road, I accidentally stepped on her sandals and then her sandals runaway from her feet.When we reached the other side of the road, she returned to the middle of the road to pick up her sandals. That moment made some cars honked, she was really surprised and I just could laugh to see her. I have many funny moments with her. She always makes me laugh when I need to laugh. If I cry because of some problems, she will be beside me and tells some jokes. It has always been a weapon to restore my mood. She is funny, cheerful, and always looks happy. It can make people very comfortable. I'm lucky pe rson because i know her. My Best Friend â€Å"Some people come into our lives and quickly go. Some stay for a while and leave footprints on our hearts. And we are never ever the same† (Unknown). What is a â€Å"best friend†? Almost everyone has one, and almost everyone is one. There’s something about a best friend that cannot be duplicated. Everyone has their own definition of what their own best friend is like and what an impact he or she has made in their life. In this essay I would like to take a better look at some of the simple things that we might take for granted when we think of our best friends. A best friend is a title held for the few and privileged.The term cannot be thrown around loosely. Not just anyone can be called your best friend. A best friend has to first meet several qualifications and have many outstanding characteristics to have the honor of holding such a prestigious title. Being a best friend is more than someone that you’ve seen everyday and grown up with. A best friend can be someone with whom you’ve known since childhood but can also be someone that you’ve just met, and similar to â€Å"love at first sight,† you just click with. The true definition of a best friend is someone that knows you inside Do you have a true best friend?I sure do. _____ is truly my best friend. She is always there for me. She knows everything about me; even my secrets. I can’t keep anything from her! She is the person who will help me when I am down, turn my frown upside-down, and make me feel better about myself. I can’t imagine any better of a friend. I love her more than anything and I would die for her. Megan and I are always together; no matter where we are! We go to places like the mall and movies, to the mountains and lakes! Together we go most everywhere! A few days ago we got Pose pictures together! We always go shopping

Critical Analysis of Leadership of Steve Jobs - 3952 Words

critical analysis of the leadership style of Steve Jobs Author’s Last Name, First name, year of submission, title, degree, institution’s name, and location of the institution Introduction The aim of this work is analytical consideration of leadership style of Mr. Steve Jobs, co-founder and later the Chairman and CEO of Apples Computers Incorporated, a most successful businessman today. The challenge of the times The times are upon us when brilliant management and leadership are confounded. In the times of global technical breakthroughs and revolutionary transformations, as the power of â€Å"know-how† and the say-so of â€Å"vision† have joined their hands in leading organizations across sudden gulfs of learning, discoveries, necessitating†¦show more content†¦Apple Incorporated products are well-known and easily recognizable across the whole world in line of personal computers, iphones, ipods and IPads. As of September 25, 2010, the Company had opened a total of 317 retail stores, including 233 stores in the United States and 84 stores internationally (The New York Times, 2011). Reminiscence of the past With a little reminiscence of the past, the company was founded in 1976 by Steve Jobs and his partner Steve Wozniak only to see Mr. Jobs vacate the premises due to a fall-out with Mr. Sculley in 1985, â€Å"hand-picked CEO, recruited from Pepsi† (Owen W. Linzmayer, 1999). This was an extremely humbling experience, which often shapes leadership providing the mold for them tried with the times of being downcast. As Apple’s product Newton failed under governance of Mr. Sculley, the company could not compare to Microsofts Windows operating system, having become the mainstay of computer standards. (Owen W. Linzmayer, 1999, P. 60) In 1997 upon return of Mr. Jobs, 12 years later, the company finally began to see the light at the time when Mr. Dell was building his own computer empire, saying: â€Å"Apples smartest move would be to shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders.† (New York Times, 2001 updated). However, such a stance into future possibilities was not daunting for Mr. Jobs at all. The same goes for anyShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis Of Steve Jobs Leadership1224 Words   |  5 Pagesessay is to critically analyse Steve Jobs leadership style and power relations experienced within Apple under Jobs’ leadership. Many argued the way Jobs led Apple Inc. had a positive effect on the business to reach its goals while others believed that some of Jobs’ actions could potentially have destructive consequences suggesting he was having a negative effect on the business. The essay will draw on the literature of power politics and leadership to analyse whether Jobs was a Transformational or ToxicRead MoreSteve Jobs as a Visionary and Transformational Leader1165 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Introduction Steve Jobs unique approach to leadership and visionary approach to creating, producing and selling innovative products, combined with his innate ability to orchestrate increasingly complex companies have earned him many accolades. Fortune Magazine named him the best leader of the Decade and countless other publications, colleges and universities have given him many accolades and honorary degrees. 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